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Psychopathology Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Psychopathology | the scientific study of mental difficulties, disorders, explanations, causes, progression, symptoms, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment |
| What is Deviance | behaviors, thoughts, emotions that appear to be different from those that we tend to consider typical |
| What is Dysfunction | interfering with the persons ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way |
| What is Danger | behaviors or activites that are careless, hostile, desperate or sonfused that may place themselves or others in danger |
| What is Model/Paradigm | the perspectives used to explain events |
| What is the Biological Model | sees physical processes in the body as key to human behavior |
| Biological model: Sources of biological irregulaeities | illness brought by malfunctioning ir irregularities in parts of the organism like the brain, (genetics and evolution) |
| Biological model types of interventions: psychotropic medications | drugs that maily affect emotions and thought processes (anti anxiety drugs/anxiolytics, antidepressants, anti bipolar/mood stabilizers, antipsychotic drugs) |
| Biological Model types of interventions: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT ) | two electrodes are attached to a patients forehead and an electrical current for 65-140 volts is passed beriefly through the brain which causes brain seizures (helps with depression) |
| Biological Model types of interventions: Brain stimulation | transcranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation (helps improve the psychological functioning of many people whos disorders have been unresponsive to other forms of treatment) |
| Biological Model types of interventions: psychosurgery | brain surgery, deep brain stimulations (electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of a brain and connected to a pacemaker in the chest, sends steady low voltage of electricity to targeted brain areas |
| What is the psychodynamic model | looks at peoples unconscious interal processes and conflicts |
| psychodynamic: what is the ego defense mechanisms | control unacceptable ID impulses and avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse ( repression, denial, projection, rationalization, displacement, intellectualization, regression) |
| psychodynamic: what is fixated | stuck at an early stage of development which sufferes subsequent development and then the individual may be headed for maladaptation or psychopathology in the future |
| Psychodynamic common techniques: free association | therapist tells clients to describe any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind even if unimportant, eventually clients associations will uncover important unconscious events |
| psychodynamic common techniques: interpretation | therapists listen carefully to clients as they talk looking for clues, drawling tntative conclusions and sharing interpretations when they htink the client is ready to hear them |
| psychodynamic common techniques: transference | when they act and feel toward the therapist as they did or do toward important personas in their lives especially parents, siblings, and partners |
| psychodynamic common techniques: resistance | an unconscious refusal to praticipate fully in therapy, suddely cannot free associate or when they change the subject to avoid painful discussion |
| psychodynamic common techniques: catharsis | a reliving of past repressed feelings, if they are to settle internal conflicts and overcome their problems |
| psychodynamic commmon techniques: working through | client and therapist must examine the sam eissues over and over in the course of many sessions each time with greater quality |
| what is the Cognitive-behavioral model | emphasizes behavior and the ways in which it is learned and the thinking that underlies behavior and emotions |
| behavioral terms: what is classical conditioning | people learn to respond to one stimulus the same way they respond to another as a result of the two stimuli repeatedly occurring together close in time |
| behavior terms: what is modeling | individuals learn responses simply by observing other individuals as then repeating their behaviors |
| behavioral terms: what is operant conditioning | individuals learn to behave in certain ways as a result of experiencing consequences of one kind or another reinforcements or punishments whenever they perform the behavior |
| cognitive terms: what is maladaptive assumptions/attitudes/beliefes | repeated misinterpetations throughout personal, social, and occupational life |
| cognitive terms: what is illogical thinking | overgeneralize, draw broad negative conclusions on the basis of single insignificant events |
| What is the third wave: mindfullness | group therapies, use acceptance and commitment therapy help clients accept many of their troubling thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try fruitlessly to change them , mindfullness meditation |
| What is the humanistic existential model | common focus on these broader dimensions of human existence |
| Humanistic terms: Maslows heigharchy of needs | theory that explains how people are motivated to meet different needs |
| Humanistic terms: self-actualize | fullfil their potential for goodness and growth if they recognize and accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths and establish satisfying personal values to live by |
| Humanistics terms: client-centered therapy | clinitians try to create an accepting climate in which clients feel able to look at themselves honestly and acceptingly |
| Humanistics terms: unconditional positve regard | recognizing their worth as persons even while recognizing thaat they are nit perfect |
| What are existentialists main beliefs | humans must have an accurate awaareness of themselves and live meaningfull, "authentic" lives in order to ve psychologically well adjusted do not believ that people are naturally inclined to live positively |
| Humanistics-existential: What is gestalt therapy | guide thei rclients toward self-recognition and self acceptance but try to achieve this goal by challenging and even frustrating the clients demanding they stay in the here and now during therapy discussions |
| What is the sociocultural model | looks at familial, social, and cultural forces as the keys to human functioning |
| Sociocultural model: family social theories | argues that clinical theorists should concentrate on those broad forces that operate directly on individuals as they move through life, family relationships, social interactions, and community events, help functional and dysfunctional behaviors |
| Sociocultural model: social label and roles | behavior can be influenced by labels and roles assigned to them by others; when they stray away from norms and get called deviant, or mentally ill or crazy plus may be encourage. to act sick |
| sociocultural model: social connections and supports | theorists concerned with the direct social environments in which they operate including social and professional relationships; how they communicate with others, the signlas they send/recieve from others etc |
| sociocultural model: family systems theory | theorists believe that the structure and communication patterns of some families actually force individual members to behave in a way that otherwise seems peticular |
| sociocultural model: family therapy, | therapist meets with all members of a family, identifies problem behaviors and interactions and helps the whole family to change its ways |
| Sociocultural model: community mental health treatment | programs, clients with severe psychological difficulties receive treatment in familiar social surroundings as they try to recover(community day programs, and residential services) |
| Multicultural theorists | seeks to understand how race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, abilities, socioeconomic class, and other factors affect behavior, emotion, and thought and how people of diverse backgrounds may differ psychologically |
| Multicultural: people of color | general term for people who are black, hispanic, indigenous, and/or asain American |
| Multicultural: marginalized people | women, LGBTQ+ people, individuals with low income, people with disabilities |
| multicultural: dominant population | the societal groups that holds on average greater power, privilege and social status |
| multicultural: culturally responsive therapies | approches designed to help address the unique cultural issues faced by clients especially marginalized individuals |
| multicultural: intersectionality | examines how an individuals memberships in multiple diverse groups and exposure to multiple stressors combine to shaoe the persons experiences, outlook, and functioning |
| What is developmental psychopathology perspective | perspective uses a developmental framework to understand how variables and principles frm the various models may collectively account for human functioning both adaptive and maladaptive functioning |
| Development: multifinality | people who have experienced a number of similar developmental variables have different clinical outcomes |
| development: equalifinality | a number of different developmental routes can lead to the same psychological disorder |
| What is diagnosis | determination that a persons psychological conditions constitute a particular disorder |
| what is syndrome | occurs together regularly and follow a certain course clinicians agree that those symptoms make up a particular mental disorder |
| What is the classification | a list of such categories or disorders with descriptions of the symptoms and guidelines for assigning individuals to the categories |
| What is the DSM-5-TR and what was published in 2022 | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and the current edition was published in 2022 (DSM-5-TR) |
| What is cagetorical vs. dimensional information | categorical refers to the name of the distinct category of the clients symptoms and dimensional information is a rating of how severe a clients symptoms are and how dysfunctional the clients os across various dimensions of personality |
| What are the key points from the "Can Diagnosis and Labeling Cause Harm" Section | diagnostic labels can become self-fulfilling prophecies, people may have a hard time geting a job, be welcomed into soical relationships, stigma |
| What is Fear | anytime you face what seems to be a serious threat to your well-being , you my react with the sta eof immediate alarm |
| What is anxiety | cannot pinpoint a specific cause for your alarm but you still feel tense and edgy as if you expect something unplesant to happen; increase in breathing, muscular tension, preparation |
| what is panic | sudden deeling of intense fear or anxiety that can happen even whe there is no immediate danger |
| What is generalized anxiety disorder | a disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and wprry about numerous events and activities |
| what is the cause of GAD by the psychodynamic model | disorder is traced to difficulties in early relationships between children and their parents |
| what is the cause of GAD by the humanistic model | aries when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly, repeated denial of thei true thoughts, emotions, and behaviors make them more anxious and unable to fulfill their potential as human beings |
| what is the casue of GAD by the cognitive-behavioral model | GAD is casued by maladaptive assumptions |
| what is the cause of GAD by the metacognitive theory | suggests that people with GAD implicityly holds both positive and negative beliefs about worrying |
| what is the cause of GAD by the intolerance of uncertainty theory | people who cannot tolerate the knowledge that negative events may occur even if the possibility of occurrence is very small |
| what is the casue of GAD by the avoidance theroy | suggests that people with this disorder have greater bodily arousal(higher heart rate, perspiration, respiration) than other people and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arousal by distracting the individuals from their unpleasant feelings |
| What is cause by deficient GABA activity | generalized anxiety disorder |
| What is Specific phobia | a persistent fear of a specific object or situation |
| what is Agoraphobial (commonly co-occurs with panic disorder) | a fear of venturing into public places or situations in which escape might be difficult if one were to become panicky or incapacitated |
| What does classical conditioning say about what causes phobias | if one event triggers a fear response the other may trigger such a response as well |
| what does modeling say about what causes phobias | a person may observe that others are afraid of certain objects or events and develop fears of the same things |
| what does preparedness(evolutionary explanation) say about what causes phobias | humans as a species have a predisposition to develop certain fears, theoretically prepared ti acquire some phobias and not others |
| Phobia treatment: what is exposure treatment | an approach in which people are exposed to the objects or situations they dread |
| phobia treatment: what is systematic desensitization | an exposure technique that learns to relax while gradually facing the objects or situations they fear ( relaxation training) |
| phobia treatment: what is flooding | clients are forced to face their feared objects or situations without relaxation training and without a gradual buildup can be vivo or covert |
| What is social anxiety disorder | severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which they may face scrutiny by others and possibly feel embaressment |
| What are common dysfunctional beliefs and expectations regarding the social realm | unrealistic high social standards, believing they are unattractive social beings, socially unskilled/inadequate, always in danger of behaving incompetentently, inept behaviors in social situations will lead to consequences, no control over feelings |
| what is a panic attack | periodic short bouts of panic that occur suddenly and reach a peak within minutes and gradually pass, symptoms: heart palpitations, tingiling in hands or feet, shortness of breath, sweating, hot/cold flashes, trembling, chest pains, choking sensation etc |
| what is panic disorder | panich attacks that are repeatedly and unexpectedly and no apparent reason |
| what disorder has the biology of norepinephrine(neurotransmitter) and the locus coerulues(brain structure) behind it | panic disorder |
| Cognitive behavioral explanation and treatment for panic attacks | people may be very sesitive to certain bodily sensations when they unexpectedly experience sich sensations they misinterpret them as signs of a medical catastrophe |
| what is Anxiety sensitivity | a tendency to focus on ones bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful |
| Biological challenge tests | reserchers produce hyperventilation or other biological sensations by administering drugs or by instruction clinical research participants to breathe, exercise, or simply think in certain ways |
| What is obsessive compulsive disorder | a disorder in which a person has recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both which can feel excessive, unreasonable, and cause great distress, take up much time, and interfere with daily functions |
| What is the difference between obessions and compulsions | obsessions are persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that seems to invade a persons consciousness, compulsions are repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety |
| What is the basic ideas of the psychodynamic perspectives in OCD | believe that an anxiety disorder develops when children come to fear their own ID impluses and use ego defense mechanisms to lessesn the resulting anxiety |
| What is Exposure and response prevention | clients are repeatedly exposed to objects or situation that produce anxiety, obessive fears, and compulsive behaviors but are told to resist performing the behaviors they usually feel so bound to perform |
| what are antidepressants and SSRIs | biological treatment for OCD which increase activity in seratonin |
| What is Hoarding disorder | people feel that they must save items and they become very distressed if they try to discard them which makes it hard to part with possessions resulting in accumulation of items that clutter their lives and living areas |
| what is trichotillomania | Hair pulling disorder, people repeatedly pull out hair from the scalp, eyebrows, lashes, or other parts of the body |
| what is excoriation disorder | skin picking, people pick at their skin resulting in significant sores or wounds |
| What is body dsymorphic disorder | people become preoccupied with the belief that they have a particular defect or flaw in their physical appearance |
| How can different parents styles impact the development of anxiety disorders | overprotective parents who rush in too quickly to prevent or resuce their child from experiencing distress denies them opportunities to learn how to manage distress by themselves and to build a strong sense of self confidence |
| What are the systems involved in the flight or fight response | sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system |
| what is the Autonomic nervouse sytem | the extensive network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body which helps control the involuntary activites if the organs like breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, perspiration |
| what is the sypathetic system | a group of ANS fibers that work to quicken our heartbeat and produce the other changes that we experience as fear or anxiety |
| what is the parasympathetic nervous system | helps return our heartbeat and other body processes to normal |
| What is the endocrine system | is the network of glands located throuhout the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream and various body organs. |
| whar is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis | the second brand-body route which arousal is produced |
| what is corticosteroids | Hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress |
| What is acute stress disorder | A disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms soon after a truama but for less than a month |
| what is posttruamatic disorder | a disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms long after a truamatic event |
| what are the 4 categories of the symptoms | increased arousal/negative emotions/ guilt, reexperiencing the event, reduced responsivness and dissociation, avoidance |
| What is adjutsment disorder | a dissorder that occurs when a person has difficulty coping with a stressful live event causing emotional/behavior symptoms |
| What increases the likelyhood of people devoloping a stress disorder | Brain-body stress routes, Genetic predisposition, Childhood experiences (ACEs), Cognitive factors and coping styles, intolerance of uncertainty, inflexible coping style, resilience, Social support systems, Severity and nature of the trauma, |
| Developmental psychopathology says: | timing of stress and severity can build on manable stress |
| Common treatments for stress disorders | Medication, exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR), Community interventions |
| What is psychological debriefing vs psychological first aid | psychological debriefing is a crisis intervention where survuvirs are helped to talk about their feelings and reactions to tramatic incidents, psych. first aid is a disaster response intervention that seeks to reduce initial distress of survivors |
| what are dissociative disorders | disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes |
| what is dissoicative anmesia / fugue | a disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information |
| what is dissociative identity disorder | a dissociative disorder in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities, perviously known as multiple personality disorder |
| what are subpersonalities | the two or more distinct personalities found in individuals with dissociative identity disorder also known as alternate personalities |
| what are the 3 types of amnestic relationships | mutually amnesic relationships, mutually cognizant patterns, and one-way amnesic relationships |
| how can subpersonalities differ | differ in names, features, abilities, preference and physiological responses |
| why are repressed memoriers controversial | psychologits disagree whether traumatic memories can be unconsciously blocked out and later recovered |
| what is the explanation for dissociatiove disorders | disconnection between a persons thoughts =, memories, identity, sense of reality |
| what is state dependent learning | learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred so that it is best remembered under the same conditions |
| what is self hypnosis | the process og hypnotizing oneself sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events |
| what is depersonalization-derealization | a dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization or both |
| what is doubling | people experiencing depernalization feel as though they have become seperated from their body and are observing themselves from outside, occasionally their mind seems to be floating a few feet above them |
| what is distress | behavior, ideas, emotions cause distress to the person |
| how do norms and culture affect what constitutes psychopathology | Norms and culture affect what is considered psychopathology because they influence what society views as normal or abnormal behavior |
| what is group therapy | therapists meets with a group of clients who have similar problems and discuss the problems of one or more of the people in the group |
| what is couple therapy | therapists works with two individuals who are in a long term relationship which focuses on the structure and communication patterns in the relationship |
| what is the basic ideas of cognitive behavioral perspectives in OCD | theorists beging by explaning that everyone has repetitive unwanted and intrusive thoughts try to neutralize by thinking or behaving in ways meant to put matters right or make amends |
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