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Ap Psy U 2.1
Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Perception | Process of interpreting sensory information to understand our environment. |
| Transduction | When one converts information from their environment through sensation into ideas through perception |
| Bottom-Up Processing | Use of sense receptors to take in energy and register raw data. The act of sensing. |
| Top-Down Processing | Use of a higher order of focus taking things in with our perceptive abilities. The act of perceiving. |
| Schemas | Mental frameworks that organize and interpret information based on prior knowledge and experiences. |
| Perceptual Sets | Mental predispositions or expectations that influence perception. |
| Signal Detection Theory | The theory predicting how and when we perceive stimuli among all the background noise. Stresses that it is near impossible to have one single type of absolute threshold for all, everyone is unique |
| Subliminal Perception | The ability of the brain to process sensory information without conscious awareness |
| Gestalt Psychology | A school of thought that focuses on how the human brain perceives the world as a whole, rather than individual parts. The key principles include closure, figure and ground, proximity, and similarity. |
| Retinal Disparity | The slight difference in the images projected onto the left and right retinas due to the eyes' different positions. |
| Convergence | The inward turning of the eyes to focus on a nearby object. The brain uses the degree of convergence to estimate the distance of the object. |
| Relative Clarity | Objects that appear clearer and more detailed are perceived as closer than those that appear blurry or less detailed. |
| Relative Size | Objects that appear larger are perceived as closer than those that appear smaller. |
| Monocular Cues | Depth cues that can be determined with the use of one eye like linear perspective. |
| Binocular Cues | Depth cues that must incorporate both eyes like retinal disparity and convergence. |
| Texture Gradient | The gradual change in the appearance of a surface's texture from coarse (near) to fine (far). |
| Linear Perspective | Parallel lines appear to converge towards a vanishing point as they recede into the distance. |
| Interposition | Objects that partially block or overlap other objects are perceived as closer. |
| Stroboscopic Movement | A series of still images presented in rapid succession creates the illusion of continuous motion. |
| Phi Phenomenon | The perception of movement created by rapidly presenting two or more stationary stimuli in succession. |
| Proximity | Perceiving objects that are close to one another as paired up with one another, rather than separate or individual. |
| Similarity | Objects of similar color, size, or shape are often seen as part of a pattern. |
| Closure | In the realm of Gestaltism, it is believed that we cannot accept incompleteness. Our sensory information is taken over by perception to see a “whole” object even when none exists. |
| Continuity | Items that continue a pattern or direction tend to be grouped together as a part of a pattern. |
| Feature Detector | Specialized brain cells that only respond to particular elements in the visual field such as movement or lines of specific orientation. |
| Perceptual Constancy | A tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory stimulation. |
| Shape Constancy | Tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any change in shape of the image of the object on the retina. |
| Perceptual Generalization | The strong tendency to see what we expect to see, even if our expectation conflicts with external reality. |
| Superposition | Monocular distance cue in which one object, by partly blocking a second object, is perceived as being closer. |
| Elevation | Visual cue that the higher an object is positioned on a horizontal plane, the farther away it appears. |
| Auto Kinetic Illusion | The perception that a stationary object is actually moving. |
| Motion Parallax | Objects beyond the fixation point appear to move with you; objects in front of the fixation point appear to move backward. The further they are from the fixation point, the faster they seem to move. |
| Pop-Out Phenomenon | When a stimulus draws your eye, you can’t help but notice. It demands your attention. |
| Physical Illusions | Due to distortion of information reaching our receptor cells, can logically figure out. Caused by disturbances to light or sensory signals in the eye. |
| Perceptual Illusions | Due to misleading cues in stimuli that give rise to inaccurate or impossible perceptions. Caused by the brain's processing of unusual or ambiguous visual information |
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