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Psych Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| reconstructive memory | memory is reconstructive not reproductive |
| flashbulb memory | Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous (and usually emotional) event. |
| working memory | holding information briefly while working with it. |
| episodic memory | memory for events in a particular time and place |
| semantic memory | The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have. |
| encoding | process by which information gets into memory. First stage of the memory process. |
| storage | the more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have. The middle stage of the memory process. |
| retrieval | process by which information is accessed from memory and utilized. The last stage of the memory process. |
| schema | Organized knowledge structure in long-term memory, as clusters of related facts |
| decay | the fading memories with the passage of time |
| proactive interference | when past memories interfere with the encoding of new ones. |
| retroactive interference | The phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event. |
| misinformation effect | When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been part of the original event. |
| retrograde amnesia | inability to retrieve for facts and memories acquired before the onset of amnesia |
| anterograde amnesia | inability to form new memories for facts and events after the onset of amnesia |
| forgetting curve (Ebbinghaus) | the curve where our memory deteriorates with the passage of time |
| Method of loci | Choose some route, or pathway, and mentally place to-be-remembered items along your path |
| problem | a situation where you need to find a means to reach a goal |
| problem solving | creating new solutions for problems |
| transfer | using what you learned in one situation in a new situation |
| steps of problem solving | 1. identify the problem 2. define goals, represent the problem 3. explore solutions and consequences 4. act 5. evaluate outcome |
| types of problems (ill vs well defined) | well defined: clear and structured, clearly right or wrong; ill defined: unclear and vague |
| functional fixedness | Tendency to see objects and their functions in fixed, typical ways |
| insight | Process by which solution seems to “magically” pop into mind. Sudden rather than systematic. |
| mental set | A preconceived notion about how to solve a problem, based on experience or what has worked in the past |
| tips for solving problems | Make them well defined, break it down, work backwards, thing about similar problems, take a break |
| family resemblance theory | Items are typical if they have the features frequent in that category and don’t have features in other categories |
| typicality | The difference in “goodness” of category members, ranging from the most typical (the prototype) to borderline members. |
| prototype theory | People have a summary representation of the category. When you try to classify an item, you see how well it matches |
| exemplar theory | You compare new items to hundreds – maybe thousands – of examples from your life. Your concept of bird is remembered examples of birds you have seen. |
| superordinate | lose a lot of information, "living thing, animal" |
| basic | basic information, "cat" |
| subordinate | gain just a little information, "Siamese cat, 18-year old Siamese cat who likes salmon" |
| overconfidence | You have greater confidence in your judgment than is warranted based on a rational assessment. |
| anchoring | You tend to be affected by an initial anchor - even if it’s arbitrary - and insufficiently adjust judgments away from that anchor. |
| framing | The way an issue is presented—whether in a positive (gain-oriented) or negative (loss-oriented) light—significantly impacts decision-making. |
| confirmation bias | You seek and remember information that confirms your beliefs. You trust sources that confirm your beliefs and distrust sources that don’t. |
| belief perseverance | Sticking to your belief even when it’s proved wrong by evidence or logical arguments. |
| representativeness | You judge the likelihood of an event based on how closely it resembles a prototype or stereotype. |
| availability | You base estimates of an event’s likelihood on the ease with which examples of the event come to mind |
| system 1 vs 2 | Our intuitive decision-making system, which is typically fast, automatic, effortless, implicit, and emotional. (system 1) Our more deliberative decision-making system, which is slower, conscious, effortful, explicit, and logical. (system 2) |
| systematic observation | The careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world. |
| testable hypothesis | Must be able to be tested and possibly refuted |
| democratic | part of the triangle of science |
| cumulative | at the bottom of the triangle of science |
| Wilhelm Wundt | (1832-1920) Established the first psychology lab in Leipzig Germany. |
| Types of psychologists | Clinical, Applied, Research |
| independent variable | The variable the researcher manipulates and controls in an experiment. |
| dependent variable | The variable the researcher measures but does not manipulate in an experiment. |
| operational definition | How researchers specifically measure a concept. |
| random assignment | Assigning participants to receive different conditions of an experiment by chance. |
| confound | An uncontrolled variable that systematically varies with the IV or DV |
| placebo effect | When a fake treatment or condition has real effects. |
| participant demand | When participants behave in a way that they think the experimenter wants them to behave. |
| experimenter expectation | When the experimenter’s expectations influence the outcome of a study. |
| double blind | Neither the participant nor experimenter know which condition the participant is in. |
| Ethical Hightlights | Informed consent, Confidentiality. Privacy, Benefits, Deception |
| correlation does not equal causation | Correlations are rarely perfectly linear. |
| positive correlation | dots go up in graph (gain more wrinkles as you age) |
| negative correlations | dots go down in graph (make less mistakes during practice time) |
| zero correlations | the number of hospital admits are not effected by the moon phases |
| real world research techniques | daily experiences, daily behavior, daily physiology, online behavior |
| illusory correlation | People mistakenly perceive a relationship between two variables that are not actually related. |
Created by:
Rachel.Price
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