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py101 ch 3
chapter 3 psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| high road | conscious, deliberate |
| low road | unconscious, automatic |
| does perception require conscious awareness? | no |
| selective attention is | what we focus on, what we notice |
| cocktail party effect | ability to attend to only one voice among many |
| driven to distraction | more driving errors when trying to multitask in the car. |
| what happens when we multitask? | it can lead to more errors |
| selective inattention is | what we are not focused on, what we do not notice |
| inattentional blindness | when our attention is focused, we miss seeing what others may think is obvious to see |
| change blindness | failure to notice a difference between what's there right now and what was there a moment ago |
| circadian rhythm | a natural, internal 24 hour cycle that regulates your sleep-wake schedule, mental alertness and psychological state |
| biological clock | regular body rhythms based on 24 hour circle (temperature, wakefulness) |
| how do we learn about sleep and dreams? | we can monitor eeg/brain waves and muscle movement during our sleep |
| what are sleep stages? | distinct patterns of brain waves and muscle activity that are associated with different types of consciousness and sleep |
| what are sleep cycles? | the patterns of shifting through all the sleep stages over the course of the night |
| what are alpha waves? | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
| what happens when you yawn? | it creates a brief boost in alertness as your brain metabolism is slowing down |
| what happens during rem sleep? | heart rate rises and breathing becomes rapid. Genitals may become aroused. Sleep paralysis” occurs when the brainstem blocks the motor cortex’s messages and the muscles don’t move. |
| what are the non rem stages? | NREM-1, NREM-2, and NREM-3. |
| why do we sleep and what does sleep do for us? | Sleep protected our ancestors from predators. Sleep restores and repairs the brain and the body. Sleep builds and strengthens memories. Sleep facilitates creative problem solving. Sleep is the time when growth hormones are active. |
| What determines the quantity and rhythm of sleep? | The amount and pattern of sleep is affected by biology, age, culture, and individual variation. |
| In general, newborns need __ hours of sleep, while adults need _ hours or less. | 16; 8 |
| When we see light, we produce less melatonin BUT | in the darkness, we produce more melatonin. |
| what is melatonin? | a natural hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain that helps control your sleep-wake cycle and internal body clock. |
| what is insomnia? | Persistent inability to fall asleep or stay asleep. |
| what is narcolepsy? | Sleep attacks, even a collapse into REM/paralyzed sleep at inopportune times. |
| what is sleep apnea? | repeated awakening after breathing stops; time in bed is not restorative. |
| what are night terrors? | sudden scared looking behavior, with rapid heartbeat and breathing. |
| what are dreams? | Stream of images, actions, and feelings, experienced while in REM sleep. |
| do dreams often include sexuality? | no |
| what do dreams incorporate? | real world sound and other stimuli into them |
| what is hypnosis? | A social interaction in which the hypnotist suggest to the subject that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. |
| what is hypnotic induction? | the process by which a hypnotist leads someone into the state of heightened suggestibility. |
| what are the benefits of hypnosis? | it can block awareness of pain, can go without anesthesia for a surgery. it can reduce obesity, anxiety and hypertension. it can improve concentration and performance. |
| what hypnosis can't do? | work when people refuse to cooperate. bestow "superhuman" strength or abilities. accurately boost recall of forgotten events (more likely to implant false recall) |
| what is the divided consciousness theory? | hypnosis has caused a split in awareness; hypnosis is a special state of dissociated consciousness of our dual-track mind. |
| what is social influence theory? | the subject is so caught up in hypnotized role that they ignore the odor; hypnotic subjects may be imaginative people who go along with the "subject" role they are intended to play |
| what are psychoactive drugs? | chemicals introduced into the body which alter perceptions, mood, and other elements of conscious experience. |
| what is physical dependence? | the body has been altered in ways that create cravings for the drug (e.g. take drug to end withdrawal symptoms). |
| what is psychological dependence? | a person’s resources for coping with daily life wither as a drug becomes “needed” to relax, socialize, or sleep. |
| what are the behaviors of a person being dependent on a drug? | Using more drugs than intended. Persistent failed attempts to regulate use. Much time spent preoccupied with the substance obtaining it and recovering. Important activities reduced because of use. Continue use despite aversive consequences. |
| what is drug withdrawal | a collection of physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person suddenly stops or reduces heavy use of a substance their body and brain have grown dependent on. |
| what are depressant drugs? | chemicals that reduce neural activity and other body functions. |
| what are examples of depressants? | alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates. |
| what are the effects of alcohol use? | slow neural processing, reduced memory formation, and impaired self-control |
| what are the effects of slow neural processing? | reduced sympathetic nervous system activity and slower thought and physical reaction |
| what are the results of reduced memory formation? | caused by disrupted disrupted rem sleep and reduced synapse formation |
| what are the results of impaired self-control? | impaired judgement, self monitoring and inhibition; increased accidents and aggression |
| what are barbiturates? | tranquilizer drugs that depress central nervous system activity. |
| what are examples of barbiturates? | nembutal, seconal and amytal |
| what are the effects of barbiturates? | reduced anxiety and induced sleep |
| what are the problems of barbiturates? | reducing memory, judgement and concentration. can lead to death if combined with alcohol |
| what are the effects of opiates? | depresses nervous system activity. reduces anxiety and reduces pain. |
| where do opiates work at? | receptor sites for the body's natural pain reducers (endorphins) |
| opiates are chemicals such as...? | morphine and heroin that are made from the opium poppy |
| what do high doses of opiates produce? | euphoria |
| what are stimulants? | drugs that intensify neural activity and bodily functions. |
| what are some physical effects of stimulants? | dilated pupils, increased breathing, increased heart rate, increased blood sugar and decreased appetite. |
| what are examples of stimulants? | caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy |
| what is tolerance of a drug? | the diminished psychoactive effects after repeated use. |
| how does tolerance feed addiction? | users take more and more of the drug every time to get the desired affect |
| what does caffeine add? | energy. |
| how long does caffeine disrupt sleep? | 3-4 hours. |
| what are the withdrawal symptoms of coffee? | if used daily, headaches, irritability, fatigue, difficulty concentrating and depression |
| what is the main effect of nicotine use? | addiction. |
| what does nicotine do to the brain? | arouses it to a state of increased alertness. |
| what does nicotine do to your heart and blood pressure? | it increases them. |
| what does nicotine do at high levels? | relaxes muscles and triggers the release of neurotransmitters that may reduce stress |
| where does nicotine do to extremities? | reduce circulation |
| what does nicotine do to appetite? | suppresses it for carbohydrates. |
| what does cocaine do? | blocks reuptake which increases levels at the synapse of dopamine hormone (feels rewarding), serotonin hormone (lifts mood) and norepinephrine hormone (provides energy) |
| what are the effects of cocaine on consciousness? | euphoria for at least 45 minutes |
| what happens after the euphoria you experience from cocaine? | you end up in a state worse than before taking the drug. you experience agitation, depression and pain. |
| what happens during the cycles of overdose and withdrawal with cocaine? | convulsions, violence, heart attack, and death. |
| what does methamphetamine (meth) trigger? | the sustained release of dopamine, sometimes leading to eight hours of euphoria and energy. |
| what is meth mouth? | quick decay of the teeth when doing the drug. |
| what is the aftermath of taking methamphetamine (meth)? | irritability, insomnia, seizures, hypertension, violence and depression |
| what is ecstasy/mdma (MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine)? | a synthetic stimulant that increases dopamine and greatly increases serotonin. |
| what are the effects of ecstasy on consciousness? | euphoria, CNS stimulation, hallucinations and artificial feeling of social connectedness and intimacy. |
| what happens next after taking ecstasy/mdma? | regretted behavior, dehydration, overheating and high blood pressure |
| what are the long term effects of taking ecstasy/mdma | damaged serotonin-producing neurons, causing permanently depressed mood. disrupted sleep and circadian rhythm. impaired memory and slowed thinking. suppressed immune system. |
| what are Hallucinogens? | LSD and Marijuana/THC (delta-9-TetraHydroCannabinol) |
| what does LSD and similar drugs interfere with? | serotonin transmissions, which causes hallucinations - images and other “sensations” that didn’t come in through the senses. |
| what does marijuana bind with | brain cannabinoid receptors. |
| what is marijuana's effect on the consciousness? | it amplifies sensations, disinhibits impulses, brings a euphoric mood and being unable to sense satiety. |
| what happens after taking marijuana and the long term effect? | Impaired motor coordination, perceptual ability, and reaction time. THC accumulates in the body, increasing the effects of next use. Over time, the brain shrinks in areas processing memory and emotion. Smoke inhalation damage. |
| what can turn drug use into dependence? | biological factors, psychological factors and social influences. |
| what are the biological factors that turns drug use into dependence? | dependence in relatives, thrill-seeking in childhood, genes related to alcohol sensitivity and dependence and easily disrupted dopamine reward system |
| what are the psychological factors that turns drug use into dependence? | seeking gratification, depression, problems forming identity, problems assessing risks and costs |
| what are the social influences that turns drug use into dependence? | media glorification and observing peers |
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