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Chapter 1 - Exam 1
PSYC 305
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a heuristic? | a mental shortcut we use to form impressions, make judgements, or make decisions quickly, without processing all available information |
| what is availability heuristic? | judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily we can think of similar or relevant instances |
| what is representativeness heuristics? | deciding the likelihood of something by how much it resembles what we consider a "typical" example of that category |
| what is the better-than-average effect? | the tendency to overestimate our own skills, abilities, and performance compared to others |
| what is the overconfidence phenomenon? | our tendency to be overly confident in the correctness of our own judgements |
| what is the hindsight bias? | a sense that we "knew it all along" after we learn the actual outcome |
| what is confirmation bias? | only seeking or noticing evidence that confirms what we already believe, which strengthens the original belief. |
| what is the focusing effect? | emphasizing some pieces of information while undervaluing others |
| what is introspection? | reflecting on our own thoughts and experiences to find relevant evidence |
| what is pleasurable paradox? | when an introspective analysis of a positive experience actually makes it seem less enjoyable |
| what is belief perseverance? | maintaining a belief despite contradictory factual information, often by reinterpreting the new information so it doesn't threaten the belief |
| what is the law of small numbers? | extreme outcomes are more likely to appear when you're only looking at a small number of cases |
| what is an example of law of small numbers? | every family seems to have an elderly relative who smokes, eats bacon daily, never exercises, and still lives a long life |
| what is an outlier? | a case or instance that is distinct from the majority of other cases, an oddball |
| what is the "person-who" statistics? | dismissing a research finding because you can name a "person who" seems to violate it |
| what is scientific method? | a systematic approach for addressing questions of interest |
| what is skepticism? | a habit of questioning claims rather than accepting them at face value |
| what is open-mindedness? | a willingness to pursue unpopular or controversial ideas in order to deepen our understanding of the world |
| what is objectivity? | making sure personal biases, feelings, beliefs, or prejudices don't distort our evaluation of empirical evidence |
| what is empirical research? | gaining knowledge through systematic observation, experience, or measurement |
| what is nonempirical research? | gaining knowledge through nonsystematic examination of personal experience and opinion |
| what is creativity? | studying human thought and behavior often requires novel, inventive approaches to research design |
| what is communication? | sharing research findings with others is as much a part of a scientist's job as conducting the research itself |
| what is replication? | recreating another person's study to see if the findings hold up |
| what is basic research? | research dedicated to expanding existing knowledge on a topic, often by developing theories that explain phenomena |
| what is applied research? | research dedicated to solving a practical problem or examining the real-world implications of a theory |
| what is pseudoscience? | claims that appear to be gathered using the scientific method, but in actuality were not |
| what is science denialism? | the stubborn refusal to acknowledge the legitimacy of established scientific findings |
| what are the 5 strategies of deniliasm? | Fake experts, Logical fallacies, Impossible expectations, Cherry-picking, Conspiracy |
| what are fake experts? | presenting information from questionable sources, people or institutions without real relevant expertise |
| what are logical fallacies? | arguments that rely on errors in reasoning rather than sound evidence |
| what are impossible expectations? | demanding unrealistic levels of certainty before accepting an otherwise well-supported fact |
| what are cherry-picking? | selecting only the data that support a claim while ignoring contradicting evidence |
| what are conspiracy theories? | conjuring a secret scheme to explain away straightforward, mundane findings |
| what is project management? | conducting research is a large-scale, multifaceted project that a researcher must plan, organize, and see through to completion |
| what is problem solving? | designing and implementing psychology studies hones your ability to identify problems, generate alternatives, evaluate solutions, and implement them |
| what are critical-thinking skills? | the process of actively evaluating, applying, analyzing, and synthesizing information |
| what are analytical skills? | the variety of strategies used to summarize and make sense of research findings |
| what are communication skills? | scientific writing style demands clear, direct, and succinct communication |
Created by:
anaelc
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