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py101 ch 1
chapter 1 psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is psychology? | the study of the mind and behavior. |
| what is the goal of psychology? | understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. |
| what is cognitive psychology? | the study of mental processes, including perception, memory and reasoning. |
| what are case studies? | An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
| what is behaviorism? | scientific study of observable behavior. |
| what is freudian psychology? | unconscious thoughts and emotional processes in childhood. |
| what is humanistic psychology? | environmental influences, needs for love and acceptance. |
| what is natural selection? | Traits that best enable an organism to survive. |
| what is hindsight bias? | The mind builds its current wisdom around what we have already been told. We are “biased” in favor of old information. |
| what is overconfidence error (in predicting performance)? | We overestimate our performance, our rate of work, our skills, and our degree of self-control. |
| what is overconfidence error (in judging our accuracy)? | When stating that we “know” something, our level of confidence is usually much higher than our level of accuracy. |
| why does perceiving order error in random events happen? | because we have the wrong idea about what randomness looks like. |
| what is the scientific method? | the process of testing our ideas about the world by turning our theories into testable predictions, gather information related to our predictions, and analyzing whether the data fits with our ideas. |
| what is theory? | An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. |
| what is a hypothesis? | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
| what is operational definiton? | A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. |
| what is a naturalistic observation? | Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations. |
| what is a survey? | Self-report of attitudes or behaviors. |
| what is population sometimes called? | the sample |
| what is the population? | People/group that are being studied. |
| what is a random sample? | A sample that fairly represents a population because each person has an equal chance of inclusion. |
| what is correlation? | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other. |
| what is negative correlation? | indicates an inverse relationships. |
| what is positive correlation? | indicates a direct relationship. |
| what is experimentation? | A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors to observe the effect on a behavior or mental process. |
| what is the independent variable? | the manipulated factor. |
| what is the dependent variable? | the part that is measured to see how it responds. |
| what is the experimental group? | the group exposed to the treatment. |
| what is the control group? | the group not exposed to the treatment. |
| what is random assignment? | assignment by chance. |
| what is placebo effect? | Experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. |
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