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py101 ch 2
chapter 2 psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which part of the neuron recieves messages from other cells? | dendrites |
| what is the primary function of the myelin sheath? | helps speeds up neural impulses. |
| what is the cell body? | the central part of the neuron and the cell's life support system. |
| what is an action potential? | a neural impulse that travels down the an axon like a wave. |
| what does the axon do? | passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands |
| what does the terminal branches of axon do? | form junctions with other cells. |
| when does the cell send action potential? | when it reaches a threshold. |
| how do the neurons communicate with each other? | the neuron receives signals from other neurons. some are saying go/not to go. |
| when is the threshold reached? | when excitatory signals outweigh the inhibitory signals by a certain amount. |
| excitatory means? | fires |
| inhibitory means? | don't fire |
| the action potential travels down the ___ from the ___ ___ to the ____ ____. | axon; cell body; terminal branches. |
| what is the synapse? | a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. |
| what is the synapse also known as? | the "synaptic junction" or "synaptic gap". |
| what are neurotransmitters? | chemicals used to send a signal across the synaptic gap. |
| what happens if you don't have neurotransmitters? | without the chemicals, you won't have a signal. |
| what is reuptake? | when the chemicals are taken back up into the sending neuron to be used again. |
| what are the different neurotransmitters? | serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA and glutamate. |
| what are the roles of serotonin? | affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. |
| what happens if there is an undersupply of serotonin? | it is linked to depression. |
| do antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels? | yes |
| what are the roles of dopamine? | influences movement, learning, attention and emotion. |
| what happens if there is an undersupply of dopamine? | it is linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease and ADHD. |
| What happens if there is an oversupply of dopamine? | schizophrenia |
| what are the roles in acetylcholine or ACH? | enables muscle action, learning and memory. |
| when Alzheimer’s disease progresses, what happens? | ACH producing neurons deteriorate. |
| what are the roles of norepinephrine? | helps control alertness and arousal. |
| what happens if there is an undersupply of norepinephrine? | can depress mood and cause ADHD-like attention problems. |
| what is GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)? | it is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
| what happens if there is an undersupply of GABA? | linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia. |
| what is glutamate and what is its role? | a major excitatory neurotransmitter and is involved in memory |
| what happens if there is an oversupply of glutamate? | the brain gets overstimulated, which produces migraines or seizures. |
| why do some people avoid MSG (monosodium glutamate) in food? | because they could get migraines or seizures due to the brain being overstimulated. |
| what are the two divisions of the nervous system? | peripheral and central (brain and spinal cord). |
| what are serotonin pathways? | Networks of neurons that communicate with serotonin that helps regulate mood. |
| what are dopamine pathways? | Networks of neurons that communicate with dopamine are involved in focusing attention and controlling movement. |
| what are parts of the peripheral nervous system? | autonomic and somatic |
| what does autonomic in the peripheral nervous system do? | controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands |
| what does somatic in the peripheral nervous system do? | controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles |
| what is apart of autonomic? | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| what is sympathetic? | arousing |
| what is parasympathetic? | calming |
| what is the central nervous system and what does it include? | the brain and the spinal cord, the body's decision maker |
| what is does the peripheral nervous system do? | gathers information from the body and sends central nervous system decisions out to the body. |
| what are the types of neurons? | sensory, motor and interneurons. |
| what do sensory neurons do? | carry messages in from the body's tissue and sensory receptors to the central nervous system for processing. |
| what do motor neurons do? | carry instructions out from the central nervous system out to the body's tissue. |
| where are interneurons located? | in the brain and spinal cord. |
| what do interneurons do? | processes information between the sensory input and motor input. |
| what does sympathetic do? | fight or flight |
| what does parasympathetic do? | rest and digest |
| interneurons in the spine are? | decisions made without the brain. |
| what is the endocrine system? | a set of glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones. |
| what is apart of the endocrine system? | hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroids, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis and ovaries. |
| what is the difference in how the central nervous system sends messages vs the endocrine system? | the endocrine system sends messages through the blood stream instead of across the synapses. |
| what is the hypothalamus and what does it do? | brain region controlling the pituitary gland. |
| what does the pituitary gland do? | secretes many different hormones, some of which affects other glands. |
| what does the thyroid gland do? | affects metabolism. |
| what do parathyroids do? | help regulate the level of calcium in the blood. |
| what do adrenal glands do? | inner part helps trigger the fight or flight response. |
| what does the pancreas do? | regulates the level of sugar in the blood. |
| what does the testis do? | secrets male sex hormones. |
| what does the ovaries do? | secretes female sex hormones. |
| what are the molecules the endocrine system sends called? | they are called hormones and are produced in various glands around the body. |
| where do the messages from the endocrine system go to? | the brain and other tissues. |
| what is the "master gland" of the endocrine system? | the pituitary gland. |
| what are the tools that monitor activity in the brain? | EEG (electroencephalogram), PET (positron emission tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and fMRI (functional MRI). |
| what is an EEG (electroencephalogram)? | a recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface. |
| what is an EEG (electroencephalogram) useful for? | in studying seizures and sleep. |
| what does the PET (positron emission tomography) do? | allows us to see what part of the brain is active by tracing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. |
| what does the MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) do? | makes images from signals produced by brain tissue after magnets align the spin of atoms. |
| what does the fMRI (functional MRI) reveal? | it reveals brain activity and function rather than structures. |
| functional MRI compares successive MRI images taken a split second apart and...? | shows changes in the level of oxygen in blood flow in the brain. |
| what does the medulla control? | the most basic functions such as heartbeat and breathing. |
| if someone has damage in the medulla area, could they breathe independently? | no |
| if someone has damage above the medulla area, could they breathe independently? | yes |
| what is above the medulla? | pons |
| what is the the “sensory switchboard” or “router”? | the thalamus |
| all sensory messages, except smell, are routed through the ___ on the way to the cortex (outer brain). | thalamus |
| all the sensory messages, except smell do what? | cross over from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain. |
| what is the reticular formation? | a nerve network in the brainstem. |
| what does the reticular formation enable? | alertness (arousal); stimulating this makes us wide awake. |
| what does the reticular formation filter? | it filters incoming sensory information and relays it to other brain areas. |
| what is called the "little brain"? | cerebellum |
| what does the cerebellum do? | helps coordinate voluntary movement, such as playing a sport, balance and supports memories of such |
| what enables nonverbal learning and memory? | the cerebellum. |
| what does the limbic "border" system coordinate? | emotions such as fear and aggression, basic drives such as hunger and sex and the formation of episodic memories. |
| what is the hippocampus a part of? | the limbic system. |
| what does the hippocampus (seahorse) do? | process conscious, episodic memories and works with the amygdala to form emotionally charged memories. |
| what is the amygdala a part of? | the limbic system. |
| what does the amygdala consist of? | two lima bean- sized neural clusters. |
| what does the amygdala (almond) do? | helps process emotions, especially fear and aggression. |
| in the amygdala, enabling two different responses to threat provokes either...? | terror or aggressive reactions |
| where does the hypothalamus lie? | below the thalamus. |
| what does the hypothalamus do? | regulates body temperature and ensures adequate food and water intake (homeostasis), and is involved in sex drive. |
| what directs the endocrine system via messages to the pituitary gland? | the hypothalamus |
| what is the corpus callosum? | axon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. |
| the spinal cord is a...? | pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from brain; controls simple reflexes. |
| what is the cerebral cortex? | ultimate control and information-processing center. |
| the cerebral cortex is organized into how many lobes in each of two hemispheres? | four |
| what are the lobes of the cerebral cortex? | frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal. |
| what does the frontal lobe do? | it is involved in speaking, muscle movements, making judgements and plans. |
| what does the parietal lobe include? | the sensory cortex. |
| what does the occipital lobe include? | it includes the visual areas. it receives visual information from the opposite visual field. |
| what does the temporal lobe include? | the auditory processing areas. |
| output: motor cortex | left hemisphere section controls the body's right side. axons receiving motor signals FROM the cortex. |
| input: sensory cortex | left hemisphere section receives input from the body's right side. axons sending sensory information TO the cortex. |
| sensory strip deals with...? | information from touch stimuli. |
| the occipital lobe deals with...? | visual information. |
| auditory information is...? | sent to the temporal lobe. |
| more complex animals have more...? | cortical space devoted to integrating/associating information. |
| Whole-brain association activity involves complex activities which require communication among association areas across the brain such as | memory, language, attention, meditation, spirituality and consciousness. |
| what happens if the brain is damaged (especially in the general association areas of the cortex) | the brain will not repair damaged neurons, BUT it can restore some functions. it can form new connections, reorganize, reassign brain areas to new functions. Some neurogenesis helps rebuild |
| what is neurogenesis? | production of new brain cells. |
| what happens when there is no corpus callosum? | the halves of the body and the halves of the visual field do not work together. |
| Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body and...? | is aware of the visual field on that opposite side. |
| Only the left half of the brain has enough | verbal activity to express its thoughts out loud. |
| left hemisphere: | thoughts and logic, language: words and definitions and pieces and details. |
| right hemisphere: | feelings and intuition, language: tone, inflection, context and wholes, including self. |
| what do behavior geneticists study? | how heredity and environment contribute to human differences. |
| Genes are parts of DNA molecules, which are found in...? | chromosomes in the nuclei of cells. |
| what is the abbreviation for Deoxyribonucleic Acid? | DNA |
| chromosomes are made of ____ which are made of ____? | dna; genes |
| what are chromosomes? | threadlike structure made largely of DNA molecules. |
| what is DNA? | a spiraling, complex molecule containing genes. |
| the human genome includes how many chromosomes? | 46 |
| how many sets of chromosomes in human genome? | 23 matched sets (each chromosome has the same gene location). |
| A biological parent donates half of what to their offspring? | chromosomes |
| genes are not blueprints, they are? | molecules |
| these genes/molecules have the ability to | direct the assembly of proteins that build the body. |
| fraternal twins are from what? | separate eggs and are not any more genetically alike than other siblings. |
| identical twins are from what? | one single egg that splits in two. |
| identical twins are more alike than fraternal twins in...? | personality traits such as extraversion (sociability) and neuroticism (emotional instability), behaviors/outcomes such as the rate of divorce and abilities such as overall intelligence test scores. |
| adopted children seem to be more similar to | their genetic relatives than their environmental/nurture relatives. |
| Despite the strong impact of genetics on personality, parenting has an influence on | religious beliefs, values, manners, attitudes, politics and habits |
| what happens inGene-Environment Interaction? | genes turn each other on and off in response to environmental conditions |
| what is Epigenetics? | the study of how our environment influences our genes by changing the chemicals attached to them |
| what is evolution? | a scientific theory; a coherent set of principles that fit very well with the accumulated evidence |
| nurture may shape us, but | we seem to start out with some sort of human nature. |
| The human mind and body seems almost “designed,” by evolution or other forces...? | to have certain traits and abilities. |
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