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RADSCI222 CH1 Terms
Terminology for Chapter 1 in Textbook of Radiographic Positioning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Axial Skeleton | all bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body. Consists of 80 bones including the skull and facial bones, Hyoid, Auditory ossicles, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. |
| Appendicular skeleton | all bones of the upper and lower extremities, the shoulder and pelvis, including the clavicles, scapula(e), humerus(humeri), Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Hip Bones, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges. (206) |
| Sesamoid Bones | a special type of small, oval-shape bone that is embedded in certain tendons (most often near joints). |
| Long Bones | consists of a body and two ends or extremities. Clavicle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Metatarsals. (90 total) |
| Compact bone | hard and dense bone tissue in the outermost shell of bones. Has few intercellular empty spaces Serves to protect and support the entire bone |
| Body(Shaft) | portion of a long bone that contains a thicker layer of compact bone than is found at the ends, to help resist stress of the weight placed on them. |
| Cancellous bone | Highly porous bone tissue on the inside of the bone. Usually contains red bone marrow. |
| Medullary Cavity | the hollow portion in the body of long bones. |
| Periosteum | a dense fibrous membrane that covers bones except at the articulating surfaces. |
| Hyaline cartilage | a common type of cartilage or connecting tissue that appears “clear” or glassy. The hyaline that covers the ends of bones is called articular cartilage |
| Short bones | roughly cuboidal bones found in the wrist (carpals) and ankles(Tarsals). |
| Flat bones | bones that consist of two halves of compact bone with cancellous bone and bone marrow in between them. Includes calvaria(Skull cap), Sternum, Ribs, and Scapulae. |
| Irregular bones | bones that have a peculiar shape. Includes facial bones, bones at the base of the cranium, vertebrae, and pelvis bones. |
| Ossification | the process by which bones form within the body. |
| Intramembranous ossification | a type of bone formation (ossification) when bone replaces membranes |
| Endochondral | Bone formation where bone replaces cartilage |
| Primary Center | the first center of ossification in the mid body area, also known as diaphysis. Becomes the body (of the bone) when fully developed. |
| Secondary Center | areas of ossification near the ends of bones of long bones which appear after birth. Also known as epiphysis |
| Epiphyseal plates | found between the metaphysis and each epiphysis until skeletal growth is complete. |
| Arthrology | the study of joints. |
| Synarthrosis | immovable joint |
| Amphiarthrosis | joint with limited movement |
| Diarthrosis | freely movable joint. |
| Fibrous joints | joints that lack a joint cavity where the adjoining bones are nearly in direct contact with each other, and held together by fibrous connective tissue. |
| Syndesmoses | fibrous joints that are held together by ligaments that allow slight movement Includes the tibiofibular joint, the sacroiliac joint, and carpal and tarsal joints. |
| Sutures | immovable (synarthrodial) fibrous joints that are only found in the skull that make contact with each other along interlocking serrated edges and are held together by layers of fibrous tissue or sutural ligaments. |
| Gomphosis | a unique type of fibrous joint in which a conical process is inserted into a socket-like portion of bone. The joints between teeth and the mandible or maxillae |
| Cartilaginous joints | joints that lack a joint cavity where the articulating bones are held together tightly by cartilage which allows little to no movement. |
| Symphyses | joints with flattened disks of fibrocartilage between two contiguous bony surfaces form thick pads that are capable of being compressed or displaced. |
| Synovial Joints | freely movable joints that are most often found in the upper and lower extremities which are characterized by a fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid. |
| Synovial fluid | a viscous lubricating fluid enclosed by a fibrous capsule and strengthened by accessory ligaments, in synovial joints. |
| Plane (gliding) joints | synovial joints that permits the least movement, which is a sliding or gliding motion between articulating surfaces. Examples include intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, intercarpal joints, and atlantoaxial joints. |
| Ginglymus (hinge) joints | joints who’s articulating surfaces are molded to each other in such a way that they permit flexion and extension movements only. |
| Pivot (trochoid) joints | joints that are formed by a bony, pivot-like process that is surrounded by a ring of ligaments or bony structures which allows rotational movement around a single axis. |
| Ellipsoid (condylar) joints | Allows for four directional movements flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction. Examples include the metacarpophalangeal joints, and the metatarsophalangeal joints. |
| Saddle (sellar) joints | joints who’s articulating structures are shaped concave-convex and are positioned opposite of each other, and allows for flexion extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. |
| Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joints | a joint that allows for the greatest freedom of motion in which the distal bone that makes up the joint forms a ball like head while the proximal portion of the joing makes up a socket. The hip and shoulder joint are examples of a ball and socket joint. |
| Bicondylar joints | provide movement in a single axis, sch as flexion and extension, which are formed by two convex condyles which may be encased by a fibrous capsule. Two examples of bicondylar joints are the knee and the temporomandibular joint. |
| Sthenic | considered average in shape and internal organ structure. |
| Hyposthenic | a body style that is slenderer and long compaired to the sthenic body habitus. |
| Hypersthenic | a Body style that has a broad frame as compared with the sthenic body habitus. |
| Asthenic | a body style that is slender with a long and narrow body build. |
| Sagittal plane | any longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts. |
| Medial plane (Median plane) | the midline sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts. Passes approximately through the sagittal suture of the skull. |
| Midsagittal plane | Plane that divides the body into equal left and right parts. |
| Midcoronalplane | divides the body into approximately equal anterior and posterior parts. |
| Horizontal/Axial plane | any transverse plane that passes through the body a right angles to a longitudinal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions. |
| Frankfort plane | a precise transverse plane that is formed by connecting from the infraorbital margins to the superior margin of the exteralnal auditory meatus. |
| horizontal plane | Any plane that divides the body or body part into inferior and superior portions. |
| Occlusal plane | the horizontal plane that is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaw closed. |
| Posterior/Dorsal | the back half of a patient when in anatomical position. |
| Anterior/Ventral | front half of the patient when in anatomical position. |
| Plantar | the sole or posterior surface of the feet. |
| Dorsum | the top or anterior surface of the feet. Or the posterior portion of the hand |
| Palmar | the surface of the palm of the hand. |
| Projection | the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient to the IR. |
| Posteroanterior (PA) projection | CR enters the posterior portion of the patient and exits the anterior portion of the patient. |
| Anteroposterior (AP) projection | CR enters the anterior portion of the patient and exits the posterior portion of the patient. |
| Oblique projections | a projection where the body or limb is rotated medially or laterally. |
| Lateral projection | a projection in which the path of the CR enters and exits lateral sides of a body. |
| Lateromedial projection | CR enters the lateral portion of the body part and exits the medial portion of the body part. (Pertains to limbs only) |
| Mediolateral projection | CR enters the medial portion of the body part and exits the lateral portion of the body part. (Pertains to limbs only) |
| Supine | laying on back and facing upward |
| Prone | laying on abdomen and facing downward |
| Erect | an upright position to stand or sit erect |
| Recumbent | lying down in any position |
| Dorsal recumbent | Lying on back (supine) |
| Ventral recumbent | Lying face down |
| Lateral recumbent | lying in side (left or right) |
| Trendelenburg | a recumbent positon with the body tilted with the feet higher than the head |
| Reverse-Trendelenburg | a recumbent position with the body tilted with the head higher than the feet |
| Left lateral recumbent position | a recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the left side, and the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back. |
| Lateral position | a side position of the patient described by which side of the body is closest to the IR from which the CR exits. Right lateral position the IR is on the right side, while in left lateral the IR is on the left side. |
| Oblique position | a body position that’s neither in the sagittal or coronal body plane. |
| Decubitus (Decub) position | to lie down or the position assumed in lying down. Designated according to the surface on which the body is resting. Decubitus is always preformed with the CR horizontal. |
| Axial projection | at an angle greater than 10 degrees |
| Superioinferior and inferosuperior axial projections | an axial projection in which the CR enters the anatomy from the superior or inferior surface and exits the inferior or superior surface. |
| Tangential projection | a projection in which the CR skims a body part to project the anatomy into profile and free of superimposition of surrounding body structures. |
| Axial projection – Lordotic position | A specific AP Axial chest projection used to demonstrate the apices of the lungs where the long axis of the body is angled rather than the CR. § The patient assumes the lordotic position in which the lumbar spine curvature is exaggerated. |
| Transthoracic lateral projection (Right or left lateral position) | a lateral projection through the thorax. |
| Dorsoplantar (DP) and plantodorsal (PD) projections | secondary terms for PA or AP projections of the foot |
| Medial | Towards the middle |
| Lateral | away from the middle |
| Proximal | towards the source or beginning of a limb |
| Distal | away from the source or beginning of a limb. |
| Cephalad | towards the head |
| Caudad | away from the head |
| Interior | Inside something nearer to the center |
| Exterior | situated on or nearer to the outside |
| Intra- | within or inside |
| Inter- | situated between things |
| Exo- | outside or outward |
| Superficial | nearer to the skin surface |
| Deep | farther waay from the skin surface |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side of the body |
| Contralateral | on the opposite side of the body |
| Flexion | when a joint’s angle is decreased |
| Extension | when a joint’s angle is increased |
| Hyperextension | when a joint is extended beyond a straight or neutral position. |
| Ulnar deviation | to bend the hand and wrist towards the ulnar side (pinky side) § Remember Ulna is Underneath when thumbs up |
| Radial deviation | to bend the hand at the wrist towards the radial (thumb) side |
| Dorsiflexion | decreas the angle between the dorsum and the lower leg |
| Plantar flexion | moving the toes downward. |
| Eversion | outward stress movement of the ankle joint |
| Inversion | inward stress movement of the ankle joint |
| Valgus | an abnormal position in which the limb is forced outward from the midline of the body |
| Varus | describes the abnormal position in which the part or limb is forced inward toward the midline o Medial |
| internal rotation | rotating or turning the anterior aspect of a body part towards the median plane o Lateral |
| external rotation | turning the anterior aspect of a body part away from the median plane. |
| Abduction | lateral movement of an arm or leg away from the body |
| Adduction | the movement of an arm or leg towards the medial line. |
| Supination | rotational movement of the hand to the anatomic position where the palm faces anteriorly. |
| Pronation | the rotation of the hand where the palm is facing posteriorly. |
| Protraction | movement forward from a normal position |
| Retraction | movement backward or the condition of being drawn back |
| Elevation | lifting, rasing, or moving of a part superiorly |
| Depression | letting down, lowering, or moving a part inferiorly |
| Circumduction | to move around in the form of a circle |
| Tilt | a slanting movement with respect to the long axis |
| Position | how the patient is situatied relative the image receptor |
| Projection | the path or direction of the central ray |
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