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The Five Senses
the psychology and physiology of sensation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What three visual receptors allow us to experience different hues of color? | red, green and blue |
| What is Herring's opposite process theory? | There is one opposite receptor for each of the three: blue=yellow, red=green, black=white. Each function in 2 ways depending on the wavelength |
| True or False? Dichromats have normal vision. | False. Dichromats are deficient in blue-yellow or red-green receptors, or both. (7% male population, 1% female) |
| Which one is completely color blind - trichromats or monochromats? | Monochromats. They can only see in black or white; monochromats are entirely colorblind. |
| what are binocular cues? | visual cues that require the coordination of both eyes |
| what is frequency? | the number of cycles per second in a wave |
| what is the only sense that does not relay information back to the thalamus? | olfactory. instead, it connects to the emotional centers of the brain. |
| how do we taste? | chemical substances dissolve in the saliva and fall between the bumps of the tongue. the taste buds then translate to neural impulses and are sent to the brain. |
| The tactile sense is a combination of what four distinct senses? | pressure, warmth, cold, and pain |
| what is the difference between phasic and tonic pain? | phasic is sharp, localized and a quick feeling of pain with myelinated pathways. tonic on the other hand is slow and nagging because of its unmyeliniated pathways. |
| what is the somatosensory sense? | the feeling of pressure or damage to the skin |
| what type of waves does the auditory sense respond to? | sound waves |
| what is the gustatory sense? | it is the sense of taste; more literally sensing chemicals in food |
| airborne chemicals called ordorants are apart of what sensory transduction? | olfactory sense |
| what is the just noticeable threshold? | the minimal difference between to stimulus necessary for detection between the two |
| what is the absolute threshold? | the minimal stimulus necessary for detection by an individual; the stimulus can be detected at least 50% of the time |
| what is sensory adaptation? | the process whereby repeated stimulation of a sensory cell leads to a reduced response |
| what is transduction? | the process of transforming physical energy into electrochemical energy. this is also known as action potential |
| perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information |
| sensation | process of stimulation from the external world |
| bottom-up processing | raw sensory information is used to build a perception initiated by sensory input. SENSATION -> PERCEPTION |
| top-down processing | you previously learn the information to help you recognize the data coming into your brain initiated by cognitive processing PERCEPTION -> SENSATION |
| what is mechanoreception? | the detection of vibration, pressure and movement |
| what is chemoreception? | the detection of chemicals; ie. smell and taste |
| what is photoreception? | the detection of light |
| what is psychophysics | the field that studies the relationship between sensation and perception |
| what is noise? | irrelevant and competing stimuli |
| what is the relationship between the threshold and sensitivity? | inverse; the lower the threshold the greater the sensitivity |
| what is weber's law? | two stimuli must have a constant minimum percentage (not amount) to be perceived as different |
| what is the decision criterion? | a standard of how sure one may be in detecting a stimulus |
| what is one's decision criterion influenced by? | fatigue, expectation and potential significance of the stimulus |
| what factors affect perception? | attention: selective attn, novelty, size, color the stroop effect; reading is automatic. it's stimulus driven |
| what type of processing is the stroop effect? | bottom-up processing |
| why do stoners never think they smell like weed? | sensory adaptation |
| what is sensory adaptation? | constant stimulation decreases the number of sensory messages sent to the brain which causes decreased stimulation |
| why is sensory adaption necessary? | we cant afford to waste attention on unchanging stimuli |
| where are cones concentrated and what are they sensitive to? | they are concentrated in the foveva and are sensitive to fine detail and color |
| what are rods sensitive to | low light |
| what happens in the transduction of light? | light strikes the retina where light sensitive cells chemically transform it into neural impulses |
| what is young-holtz trichromatic theory? | the ratio of the three receptors (green, blue and red) yields our particular experience of hue and color |
| what is the correct order of visual processing? | optic nerve -> optic chaism -> visual cortex |
| what happens in the optic chaism stage? | the optic nerve fibers divide; LVF to RH, RVF to LH |
| what is perceptual organization? | the process by which we collect small pieces of sensory experience into meaningful holes |
| why is some visual information grouped in certain ways? | inborn tendencies |
| what is proximity? | grouping near by things togethere |
| what is similarity? | grouping similar objects together |
| what is closure? | tendency to see incomplete figures as a hold |
| what is size consistency? | the tendency to see objects as the same size regardless of their distance from one another |
| what is shape consistency? | the tendency to see objects as the same shape regardless of what angle it's viewed from |
| how many and what kind of receptors are associated with the olfactory sense | 5 million olfactory receptor neurons |
| what do the taste buds do? | translate chemical messages into neural impulses that are sent to the parietal lobe of the brain |
| why do we experience slow, burning pain? | unmyelinated pathways |
| what is the gate control theory? | patterns of neural activity can actually create a "gate" that blocks the impulses from reaching the part of the brain that perceives it as pain |
| receptors->spinal chord -> thalamus -> somatosensory cortex |
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bsoteros
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