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PSYCHEXAMIII
chs 7, 8, and 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| memory | retention of information |
| free recall | to produce a response, as you do on essay or short-answer tests |
| cued recall | receive significant hints about the material |
| recognition | someone chooses that correct item among several options |
| saving's (relearning) method | compares the speed of original learning to the speed of relearning |
| explicit (direct) memory | someone who states an answer and regards it as a product of a memory |
| implicit (indirect) memory | an experience influences what you say or do even though you might not be aware of the influence |
| procedural memories | memories of motor skills [walking, eating...] |
| declarative memories | distinguish procedural memories, memories we can readily state in words |
| short-term memory | temporary storage of recent events |
| long-term memory | relatively permanent storage of information |
| semantic memory | type of long-term memory of principles and facts |
| episodic memory | type of long-term memory for specific events in your life |
| source amnesia | forgetting where or how you learned something |
| chunking | grouping items into meaningful sequences or clusters |
| consolidate | converting a short-term memory into a long-term memory |
| working memory | a system for working with current information |
| phonological loop | stores and rehearses speech information |
| visuospatial sketchpad | temporarily stores and manipulates visual and spatial information |
| central executive | governs shifts of attention |
| episodic buffer | binds together various parts of a meaningful experience |
| primacy effect | the tendency to remember well the first items |
| recency effect | tendency to remember final items |
| levels-of-processing principle | how easily you perceive a memory depends on the number and types of associations you form |
| retrieval cues | information reminders |
| encoding specificity principle | the associations you form at the time of learning will be the most effective retrieval cues later |
| state-dependent memory | the tendency to remember something better if body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning |
| Spar Method | Survey, Process, Ask Questions, Review |
| mnemonic device | any memory aid that relies on encoding each item in a special way |
| method of loci | first, you memorize a series of places and then you use a vivid image to associate each location with something you want to remember |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to mold our recollection of the past to fit how events later turned out |
| proactive interference | old materials increase forgetting of the new materials |
| retroactive interference | new materials increase forgetting of the old materials |
| recovered memories | reports of long-lost memories, prompted by clinical techniques |
| repression | the process of moving an unbearably unacceptable memory impulse from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind |
| dissociation | memory one has stored, but cannot retrieve |
| amnesia | a loss of memory resulting from damage to the hippocampus |
| hippocampus | a large forebrain structure in the interior of the temporal lobe; makes new neurons, where researchers demonstrate changes in synapses during learning |
| anterograde amnesia | inability to store new long-term memories |
| retrograde amnesia | loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before the brain damage |
| Korsakoff's syndrome | condition caused by a prolonged deficiency of Vitamin B (thiamine) usually as a result of chronic alcoholism |
| confabulations | attempts to fill in the gaps in their memory (usually include "out-of-date" information" |
| prefrontal cortex | necessary for working with memory |
| Alzheimer's disease | condition occurring mostly in old age, characterized by increasingly severe memory loss, confusion, depression, disordered thinking, and impaired attention (generally after age 60-65) |
| infant (childhood) amnesia | the scarcity of early early episodic memories |
| self referential sentence | sentence about itself (classified as true, false, untestable, or amusing) |
| cognition | thinking and using knowledge (attend to, and then categorize) |
| attention | your tendency to respond to and to remember some stimuli more than others at a given time |
| "bottom-up" process | when something suddenly grabs your attention |
| "top-down" process | to deliberately shift attention |
| preattentive process | stands out immediately |
| attentive process | one that requires searching through the items in series |
| Stroop effect | the tendency to read the words instead of saying the color of ink |
| change blindness | failure to detect changes in parts of a scene |
| attentional blink | during a brief time after perceiving one stimulus, it is difficult to attend to something else |
| attention-deficit disorder | easy distraction, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans |
| attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | same as ADD, except with excessive activity and "fidgetiness" |
| prototypes | familiar or typical examples |
| spreading activation | thinking about one of the concepts shown in this figure will activate, or prime, the concepts linked to it |
| priming | gets a concept started... reading or hearing one word makes it easier to think or recognize a related word; whereas, seeing something makes it easier to recognize a related object |
| algorithm | mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis |
| heuristics | strategies for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess |
| maximizing | thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one |
| satisficing | searching only until you find something |
| representativeness heuristic | the assumption that an item that resembles members of some category is probably also in that category |
| base-rate information | how common the two categories are |
| availability heuristic | tendency to assume that if we easily think of examples of a category, then that category must be common |
| critical thinking | careful evaluation of evidence for and against any conclusion |
| confirmation bias | accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it instead of considering other possibilities |
| functional fixedness | the tendency to adhere to a single approach or a single way of using an item |
| framing effect | the tendency to answer a question differently when it is phrased differently |
| sunk-cost effect | the willingness to do something because of money or effort already spent |
| Implicit Association Test (IAT) | task based on relative speed of response to different pairs of stimuli |
| productivity | the ability to combine our words into new sentences that express an unlimited variety of ideas |
| transformational grammar | system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure |
| Williams syndrome | a genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but skillful use of language |
| language acquisition device | built in mechanism for acquiring language |
| parentese | pattern of speech that prolongs the vowels |
| Broca's aphasia | a condition characterized by difficulties in language production (babble) |
| Wernicke's aphasia | a condition marked by impaired recall of nouns and impaired comprehension of language, despite the ability to speak fluently and grammatically (nonsense) |
| caudate nucleus | strongly activated while the person shifts from one language to another |
| phoneme | unit of sound |
| morpheme | unit of meaning |
| word-superiority effect | identify the letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself |
| fixations | when your eyes are stationary |
| saccades | quick eye movements from one fixation point to another |
Created by:
n00675590
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