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RAD201 Exam 3
| What are state-of-the-art equipment? | Radiologists and technologists can use to optimize the quality of the image and reduce radiation exposure for patients |
| True or False: every diagnostic imaging system must have a protective tube housing and correctly functioning control panel | True |
| What is the lead-lined metal diagnostic type protective tube housing required to do? | Protect the patient and imaging personnel from off-focus, or leakage, radiation by restricting the emission of x-rays to the area of the useful or primary beam |
| The housing enclosing the x-ray tube must be constructed so that what? | The leakage through any portion of the housing away from the useful beam, measured at a distance of 1m from the x-ray source |
| Where must the control panel or console be located? | Behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure |
| True or False: The control panel or console must “indicate the conditions of exposure and provide a positive indication when the x-ray tube is energized | True |
| The radiographic examination table must be strong enough to adequately support patients whose weight is in excess of what? | 400lbs |
| True or False: The radiographic examination table must be as radiolucent as possible so that it absorbs only a minimal amount of radiation, reducing the patient’s radiation dose | True |
| The SID indicator provides a way to measure what? | The distance from the anode focal spot to the IR to ensure that the correct SID is maintained |
| True or False: Distance and centering indicators must be accurate to within 2% and 1% of the SID, respectively | True |
| Light localizing variable aperature rectangular collimator is used to what? | Adjust the size and shape of the x-ray beam either automatically or manually |
| What is the predominant x-ray beam limitation device? | Collimator which helps reduce scatter radiation |
| Light localizing variable aperature rectangular collimators include? | Construction, reduction of off-focus radiation, skin sparing, luminance, PBL, etc |
| What is a Positive Beam Limitation? | Radiographer must ensure that collimation is adequate by collimating the radiographic beam so that it is no larger than the IR |
| What are the types of filtration? | Inherent and added filtration |
| What is the metal most widely selected as a filter material because it removes lower energy x-rays from a polyenergetic x-ray beam without severely decreasing the x-ray beam intensity? | Aluminum |
| What is half- value layer? | Thickness of a designated absorber required to decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value |
| What is a compensating filter? | Made of aluminum, lead-acrylic, or other suitable materials |
| What are the different types of compensating filters? | Wedge filter and trough or bilateral wedge filter |
| What are compensating filters used for? | To accomplish doe reduction and uniform imaging of body parts that vary considerably in thickness or tissue composition |
| What are the requirements for mobile radiographs units? | Minimum SSD of at least 30cm and distance used for mobile radiography is 100cm or even 120 cm |
| What is the amount of luminance of a display monitor called? | Brightness |
| What is a scintillator? | Made of amorphous silicon and converts x-ray energy into visible light |
| What is a photoconductor? | Made of amorphous selenium, converts x-ray energy directly into electrical signals that are read by transistors |
| Digital radiography eliminates the need for what? | Almost all retakes required because of improper technical selection because image contrast and overall brightness may be manipulated after image acquisition |
| What is the greatest patient radiation exposure rate in diagnostic radiology? | Fluoroscopic procedures |
| What is pulsed fluoroscopy? | Significantly decreases patient dose, especially in long procedures and extends life |
| What is the kVp range in fluoroscopy? | kVp range: 75-110 kVp for adults, depending on the body area being imaged |
| What is the SSD for fluoroscopic procedures? | Not less than 38cm for stationary fluoroscopes, not less than 30cm for mobile fluoroscopes |
| To reduce the patient’s entrance exposure rate, what position should the fluoroscopy equipment be placed in? | Position of the input phosphor surface of the image intensifier in relation to the patient should be as close as is practical to reduce the patient’s entrance exposure rate |
| What is a primary protective barrier? | 2mm lead equivalent required for a fluoroscopic unit |
| What is the last image hold? | The last image formed remains on the monitor so that no further radiation exposure is needed to regenerate it |
| What is roadmapping? | A static image of the vasculature may be obtained through subtraction, pre- and post contrast injection |
| A catheter is inserted into vessels or tissues for the purpose of? | Drainage, biopsy, and altercation of vascular occlusions or malformations |
| What are the benefits of effective communication? | Alleviates the patient’s anxiety and increases the likelihood for cooperation and successful completion of the imaging procedure |
| When is communication between the radiographer and patient effective? | When verbal and nonverbal messages are understood as intended |
| True or False: If the radiographic procedure will cause pain, discomfort, or any strange sensations, the patient must be informed before the procedure begins | True |
| True or False: a radiographer should try not to overemphasize this aspect of the examination | True |
| True or False: inadequate or misinterpreted instructions may prevent the patient from being able to cooperate | True |
| What are stone types of patient motion? | Voluntary motion and involuntary motion |
| Whenever possible, what areas of the body should be selectively shielded from the useful beam? | Lens of the eye, breasts, reproductive organs, and thyroid gland |
| What is the first step in gonadal protection? | Collimation |
| True or False: use of high kVp and low mAs exposure factors to reduce dose to the patient | True |
| What can an air gap technique be used for? | Procedure for performing an air gap technique, uses for an air gap technique, and comparison of an air gap technique to grid ratio |
| What are consequences of repeat images? | Additional exposure increases patient dose; “double dose” to patient’s skin and the gonads possibly |
| What is a genetically significant dose? | Used to assess the impact of gonadal dose |
| What is Image Gently campaign? | Raise awareness about methods for lowering radiation dose during pediatric medical imaging examinations |
| What is Image Wisely campaign? | Initiative of the Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging and lowering the amount of radiation used in medically necessary procedures |
| What is dual energy -ray absorptiometry? | Non-invasive x-ray procedure that can quantitatively predict the risk of bone fractures and less radiation exposure for the patient |
| What are some imaging procedures that increase the radiographer’s risk of exposure? | General fluoroscopy, interventional procedures that employ high-level control fluoroscopy, mobile exams, and C-arm fluoroscopy |
| What is the annua occupational effective dose limit for whole-body exposure during routine operations? | 50 mSv |
| What does EfD not include? | Personal medical exposure and natural background exposure |
| True or False: Lifetime EfD in millisieverts should not exceed 10 times the person's age in years | True |
| What is the annual EfD limit for members of the general population? | 1 mSv |
| What are some appropriate radiation-control procedures for radiologists and radiographers? | Applying the ALARA principle and always adequately collimating the radiographic beam |
| Is radiography considered a hazardous profession? | Due to continual use of such radiation protection awareness procedures, it ensures a high degree of safety from most radiation exposure |
| Who is the source of scattered radiation as a consequence of the Compton interaction process? | The patient |
| What are available thicknesses of lead in lead aprons? | 0.25mm minimum, 0.5mm standard, and 1mm. 0.5mm lead equivalent is standard for fluoroscopy |
| True or False: Higher lead equivalency provides greater protection from radiation | True |
| True or False: Radiographers should always stand in the primary beam to restrain a patient during a radiographic exposure | False; near |
| Are pregnant women permitted to assist in holding a patient during an exposure? | No, never |
| Are pregnant radiographers able to continue performing their duties without interruption of employment if they follow established radiation safert practices? | Yes |
| What is the monthly EqD to the embry-fetus? | Does not exceed 0.5mSv or a limit of 5.0mSv during the entire pregnancy |
| What are the lead requirements for glass and thyroid shields? | 0.25mm for gloves and a minimum of 0.5mm for thyroid shields |
| What are the methods and devices for dose-reduction during fluoroscopy? | Adequate beam collimation and filtration, control of technical exposure factors, appropriate SID, use of a cumulative device, and diagnostic type protective x-ray tube housing |
| What are some benefits of remote control fluoroscopic systems? | Radiologist and radiographer are outside of the fluoroscopy room at a control console located behind a protective barrier and added distance increases protection |
| True or False: Hands and forearms of physicians performing interventional procedures must be monitored | True |
| What is the annual EqD limit to localized areas of the skin and hands? | 500mSv |
| What are three categories of radiation sources that can be generated in an x-ray room? | Primary radiation, scatter radiation, and leakage radiation |
| What is workload (W)? | Radiation output-weighted time that the unit is actually delivering radiation during the week |
| What is Use Factor (U)? | Aka beam direction factor, which is a quantity used to select the fractional contact time that most structures in diagnostic x-ray suite struck by radiation to some degree for some fraction of the weekly beam-on time |
| What is occupancy factor (T)? | Used to modify the shielding requirement for a particular barrier by taking into account the fraction of the work week during the space beyond the barrier is occupied |
| What is the primary barrier calculation? | B=P(dp)2/(KrNUT) |
| What is the use factor for secondary barrier calculation? | Always 1 |
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naomi_taylorrr
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