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Stack #4696751

TermDefinition
Central Ray (CR) Angulation The CR is the center of the X-ray beam and must be angled correctly to match the anatomy being imaged. Cephalic angulation means the CR is angled toward the patient’s head. Caudal angulation means the CR is angled toward the patient’s feet. Example: A
Anatomical terms Caudal: toward the feet or lower end of the body. Proximal: closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body. Distal: farther away from the point where a limb attaches to the body.
Two Classifications of the Human Skeleton Axial skeleton: includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum; it supports and protects the body’s central structure. Appendicular skeleton: includes the arms, legs, shoulders, and pelvis; it allows movement and connects to the axial skeleton
Body Positions Supine: lying on the back with the face upward. Prone: lying on the stomach with the face downward. Recumbent: lying down in any position, such as dorsal or lateral recumbent. Trendelenburg: the patient is tilted with the head lower than the feet, ofte
Planes of the Body Sagittal plane: divides the body into left and right sections. Coronal plane: divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections. Transverse plane: divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections. Oblique plane: p
Positioning Landmarks Anatomical landmarks are specific points on the body used to locate and center anatomy for an X-ray. They help the technologist align the patient and CR correctly. Examples include the ASIS, iliac crest, and jugular notch.
Routine Upper Extremity Positions The positions include AP, PA, oblique, and lateral views. AP shows the front of the anatomy, PA shows the back, oblique shows angled views, and lateral shows the side.
kVp Adjustments kVp controls the energy and penetrating ability of the X-ray beam. Higher kVp is used for thicker or denser body parts because it produces more penetrating X-rays. For a fiberglass cast, kVp may be increased because the cast absorbs some radiation and c
Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) AEC automatically stops the exposure when enough radiation reaches the image receptor. It helps create consistent image quality and prevents unnecessary radiation exposure. Proper positioning over the correct detectors is required for accurate results.
Use of Grids Grids reduce scatter radiation before it reaches the image receptor. They improve image contrast by absorbing scattered X-rays. Grids are commonly used for thicker body parts where more scatter is produced.
Components of the X-ray System X-ray tube: produces X-rays used to create the image. Generator: supplies electrical power to the X-ray tube. Image receptor: captures the image after X-rays pass through the patient. Control console: allows the technologist to select exposure factors.
X-ray Tables and Support Systems Radiographic tables support the patient and allow positioning for different exams. Fixed tables are stationary, while floating tables allow the tabletop to move in multiple directions. X-ray tube support systems hold and move the tube for proper alignme
CR Centering for Hand and Wrist The CR should be centered to the area of interest to avoid anatomy being cut off. For the hand, center at the third metacarpophalangeal joint. For the wrist, center at the midcarpal area.
Body Movements Supination: rotating the forearm so the palm faces upward or forward. Pronation: rotating the forearm so the palm faces downward or backward. Flexion: decreases the angle of a joint. Extension: increases the angle of a joint. Abduction: moves a body p
Image Orientation The anatomy should be positioned correctly on the image receptor to avoid distortion and ensure the entire structure is included. The long axis of the body part should usually be aligned with the long axis of the receptor. Proper orientation helps produ
Created by: user-2046452
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