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Chap. 5 & 6
Introduction to Sociology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social group | Two or more people who identify with and interact with one another. |
| Primary group | A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships. |
| Secondary group | A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. |
| Instrumental leadership | Group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks. |
| Expressive leadership | Group leadership that focuses on the group's well-being. |
| Groupthink | The tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue. |
| Reference group | A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions. |
| in-group | A social group toward which a person feels respect and loyalty. |
| out-group | A social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition. |
| Dyad | A social group with two members. |
| Triad | A social group with three members. |
| Network | A web of weak social ties. |
| Formal Organization | A large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently. |
| Bureaucracy | An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. |
| Organizational Environment | Factors outside an organization that affect its operation. |
| Tradition | Values and beliefs passed from generation to generation. |
| Rationality | A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task. |
| Rationalization of society | Weber's term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought. |
| Bureaucratic Ritualism | A focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization's goals. |
| Bureaucratic Inertia | The tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves. |
| Oligarchy | The rule of the many by the few. |
| Scientific Management | Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization. |
| Primary sex characteristics | the genitals, organs used for reproduction. |
| Secondary sex characteristics | bodily development, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature males and females. |
| intersexual people | people who bodies (including genitals) have both female and male characteristics. |
| transsexuals | people who feel they are one sex even though biologically they are the other. |
| incest taboo | a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives. |
| sexual orientation | a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person. |
| Heterosexuality | sexual attraction to someone of the other sex. |
| Homosexuality | sexual attraction to someone of the same sex. |
| Bisexuality | sexual attraction to people of both sexes. |
| asexuality | a lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex. |
| Homophobia | Discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual. |
| Pornography | sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal. |
| Prostitution | the selling of sexual services. |
| queer theory | a body of research that challenges the heterosexual bias in U.S. society |
| heterosexism | a view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer" |
| abortion | the deliberate termination of a pregnancy. |
Created by:
Shanti2
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