Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Biology Regents
Biology Regents Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Singual cells | Asexual reproduction |
| Multicellular organisms | 3 things: repairs, replace dead cells, and growth |
| Interphase - 80% of cell division process | 3 things: cell grows, DNA duplicates, and it's the preparation for the division |
| Fertilization - uses mitosis to grow | Sperm + egg + zygote |
| Zygote | 1st cell of an organism |
| Mitosis | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase |
| Cytokinesis | Where the cell finally splits into 2 identical daughter cells |
| Uncontrolled cell division - cancer | When cells don't know when to stop dividing |
| Meiosis - AKA mitosis with an extra step | Process of making sex cells (gametes) |
| DNA | 4 things: double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar, has thymine, and can't leave the nucleus |
| RNA | 4 things: single stranded, has ribose sugar, has uracil, and can leave the nucleus |
| DNA and RNA | 2 things: genetic material and both are made up of nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | Has a phosphate, a sugar, and a base |
| DNA copies itself | It splits down the middle and the DNA polymerase adds the new nucleotides to each half old strand |
| mRNA | Made using DNA as a template and brings the instructions for protein synthesis to ribosome |
| tRNA | Brings amino acids needed to ribosome |
| rRNA | Makes up ribosome and helps it function |
| Transcription | The message (gene) from DNA is used to create mRNA which leaves the nucleus |
| Translation | mRNA is read by ribosome and tRNA brings amino acids needed to build the protein |
| Mutation | A change in the number or order of bases in a strand of DNA or RNA |
| Point Mutations - affect a single base | EX: insertion/addition, deletion, and subtitution |
| Chromosomal Mutation | EX: insertion, deletion, duplication, and inversion |
| Genotype | Two letter combo of alleles |
| Phenotype | Physical trait EX: brown hair |
| Homozygous | Same Alleles EX: BB or bb |
| Heterozygous | Different alleles EX: Bb |
| Punnet Square | Used to show how traits are passed through generations |
| Bieochemistry | Molecules that makeup life EX: lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates |
| Lipids | Used to store energy, from membranes, and is a chemical messenger EX: fats, oils, waxes |
| Lipids subunits | Glycerol and fatty acids |
| Lipids Atoms | Carbon and hydrogen |
| Nucleic acid | Is RNA and DNA and is used to store genetic information. It subunit is a nucleotide. EX: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
| Proteins | Control reaction rates and help express traits. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Their subunit is amino acids. EX: enzymes and receptors. |
| Carbohydrates | Are the energy source. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Their subunits are simple sugars and monosaccharides. EX: glucose. |
| Enzyme | Catalyst and it helps speed up the rate of a reaction. It also lowers the activation energy |
| Exothermic | Releasing energy and ending with less energy then you started with |
| Endothermic | Energy is absorbed |
| Lock and Key Model | Has 1 enzyme per reaction |
| Denature | When an enzyme shape is altered. Causes: too hot, and acid pH levels. |
| Evolution | A slow gradual change in a species overtime. It's caused by a mutation and a change in the environment. |
| Charles Darwin | Known for his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection |
| Evidence of Evolution | 5 things: fossils, DNA, homologous structures, vestigial structures, and embryology |
| Sexual Reproduction | Genetic Variation |
| Genetic Variation | Organisms resemble the parents, but are unique |
| Fossils | Remains buried underground |
| Homologous structures | Similar structures in different organisms |
| Vestigial structures | Our ancestors had them, but we don't need them |
| Embryology | Study of embryos for similarities |
| Common ancestor | Multiple species evolved from one |
| Natural Selection | When nature chooses the best traits for survival. It leads to evolution. EX: competition, variation of traits (Mutations, sexual reproduction), and overproduction. |
| Adaption | Trait that increases chance of survival to reproduce |
| Extinction | All members of a species are dead |
| Human Effects on Evolution | Could be overuse of antibiotics |
| Biotic | Living |
| Abiotic | Non-living |
| Hydrosphere | Water |
| Geosphere | Solid Earth |
| Atmosphere | Air |
| Biosphere | Life |
| Consumer | Eats other organisms |
| Producer | Transfers sunlight energy to chemical energy |
| Decomposer | Recycling nutrients back into soil |
| Energy Pyramid | 10% moves up to the next level |
| Niche | Job or role of an organism in an ecosystem. BTW: no 2 organisms can have the same niche |
| Biodiversity | A bunch of different organisms. Leads to good stable ecosystems |
| Logistic Growth | Carrying capacity is determined by (a) limiting factor |
| Exponential Growth | Happens from no predators and an unlimited food source |
| Ecological Succession | A series of changes where one habitat becomes another |
| Invasive Species | A non-active species that impacts the natives in a harmful way. |
| Photosynthesis | The process a plant uses to take sunlight and produce food |
| Photosynthesis formula | CO2 + H20 to(sunlight) C6H1206 + 02 |
| Light dependent | Thylakoid |
| Light independent | Stroma |
| Cellular Respiration | Using 02 to break down food (glucose) to release energy |
| Cellular Respiration formula | 02 + C6H1206 to C02 + H20 + ATP |
| Glycolysis | Happens in cytoplasm and is when glucose is broken into 2 pyruvic acids |
| Kreb's Cycle | Happens in mitochondria when the mass production of molecules happens to help move electrons |
| Electron Transport Chain | Happens in mitochondria when the majority of ATP molecules are produced |
| Homeostasis | The normal, stable, internal functioning. |
| Negative Feedback | Tries to fix the problem by negating the issue |
| Positive Feedback | Fixes the problem by increasing the reaction |
| Prokaryotic | No nucleus and was the first to evolve. Usually has 1 chromosome and is in a ring shape |
| Eukaryotic | Has a nucleus. |
| Cell Membrane | Made up of a phopholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. |
| Aqua Ponn | A channel through protein for water to flow |
| Semipermeable | When only certain materials can pass through (based on size) |
| Active Tranport | Low to high concentration and energy is needed. EX: Protein pump |
| Passive Transport | High to low concentration and no energy is required |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water |
| Hypertonic | When less water is outside of the cell. EX: the cell shrinks or shrivels |
| Isotonic | Normal State and when water if flowing in and out of homeostasis |
| Hypotonic | More water in the environment. |
| Organization of living things | organelle to cell to tissue to organ to organ system to organism |
| Organelle | Tiny organs cell parts |
| Diabetes | Insulin issues (blood sugar levels aren't balanced) |
| Trade-off | Has a benefit for something at the cost of something else |
| Gene Expression | The making of the proteins, so the trait is present |
| Cell differentiation | At the beginning cells are the same. It's also when cells become specialized for a particular organ or area. |
| Branching Diagrams | How organisms evolved from eachother/common ancestors |
| Remember the Human Body!!!! | AKA the different systems jobs!!!! |
Created by:
user-2044690
Popular Life Science sets