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PSY105 ECPI
PSY105 CH07 KEY TERMS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| PSY105 CH07 KEY TERMS | |
| algorithm | problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions |
| analytical intelligence | aligned with academic problem solving and computations |
| anchoring bias | faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution |
| artificial concept | concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics |
| availability heuristic | faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you |
| cognition | thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory |
| cognitive psychology | field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think |
| cognitive script | set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema |
| concept | category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences |
| confirmation bias | faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs |
| convergent thinking | providing correct or established answers to problems |
| creative intelligence | ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem |
| creativity | ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities |
| crystallized intelligence | characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it |
| cultural intelligence | ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture |
| divergent thinking | ability to think “outside the box” to arrive at novel solutions to a problem |
| dysgraphia | learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly |
| dyslexia | common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain |
| emotional intelligence | ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others |
| event schema | set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script |
| fluid intelligence | ability to see complex relationships and solve problems |
| Flynn effect | observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation |
| functional fixedness | inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended |
| grammar | set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon |
| heuristic | mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem |
| hindsight bias | belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t |
| intelligence quotient | (also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence |
| language | communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another |
| lexicon | the words of a given language |
| mental set | continually using an old solution to a problem without results |
| morpheme | smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning |
| Multiple Intelligences Theory | Gardner’s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence |
| natural concept | mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences |
| norming | administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups |
| overgeneralization | extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule |
| phoneme | basic sound unit of a given language |
| practical intelligence | aka “street smarts” |
| problem-solving strategy | method for solving problems |
| prototype | best representation of a concept |
| range of reaction | each person’s response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up |
| representative bias | faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment |
| representative sample | subset of the population that accurately represents the general population |
| role schema | set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role |
| schema | (plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts |
| semantics | process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words |
| standard deviation | measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean |
| standardization | method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent |
| syntax | manner by which words are organized into sentences |
| trial and error | problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found |
| triarchic theory of intelligence | Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical |
| working backwards | heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result |
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