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DEFORMITIES
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Description: knees apart, ankles together | Genu Varum |
| Cause: rickets, Blount’s disease, growth plate disturbance | Genu Varum |
| Functional implication: altered gait, medial knee stress | Genu Varum |
| Description: knees together, ankles apart | Genu Valgum |
| Cause: rickets, trauma, ligament laxity | Genu Valgum |
| Functional implication: lateral knee stress, instability | Genu Valgum |
| Description: knee extends beyond neutral | Genu Recurvatum |
| Cause: quadriceps weakness, ligament laxity, plantarflexor spasticity | Genu Recurvatum |
| Functional implication: abnormal gait, posterior capsule stress | Genu Recurvatum |
| Description: loss of medial longitudinal arch | Pes Planus |
| Cause: ligament laxity, tibialis posterior weakness, trauma | Pes Planus |
| Functional implication: pronation, foot fatigue, altered gait mechanics | Pes Planus |
| Description: exaggerated medial longitudinal arch | Pes Cavus |
| Cause: neuromuscular disorders, hereditary | Pes Cavus |
| Functional implication: poor shock absorption, metatarsalgia | Pes Cavus |
| Description: lateral deviation of great toe | Hallux Valgus |
| Cause: tight footwear, genetic predisposition | Hallux Valgus |
| Functional implication: pain, difficulty with footwear, altered push-off | Hallux Valgus |
| Description: stiffness of first MTP joint | Hallux Rigidus |
| Cause: osteoarthritis, trauma | Hallux Rigidus |
| Functional implication: limited toe-off, painful gait | Hallux Rigidus |
| Description: hyperextension of MTP, flexion of PIP/DIP | Claw Toe |
| Cause: intrinsic muscle weakness, neuropathy | Claw Toe |
| Functional implication: painful gait, shoe irritation | Claw Toe |
| Description: flexion deformity at PIP joint | Hammer Toe |
| Cause: footwear, muscle imbalance | Hammer Toe |
| Functional implication: painful gait, callus formation | Hammer Toe |
| Description: flexion deformity at DIP joint | Mallet Toe |
| Cause: footwear, trauma | Mallet Toe |
| Functional implication: painful gait, nail bed pressure | Mallet Toe |
| Description: plantarflexed foot, heel off ground | Equinus Foot |
| Cause: Achilles tendon contracture, spasticity | Equinus Foot |
| Functional implication: toe-walking, poor heel strike | Equinus Foot |
| Description: plantarflexion, inversion, adduction of foot | Talipes Equinovarus |
| Cause: congenital, neuromuscular | Talipes Equinovarus |
| Functional implication: abnormal gait, difficulty with footwear | Talipes Equinovarus |
| Description: lateral curvature of spine | Scoliosis |
| Cause: idiopathic, neuromuscular, congenital | Scoliosis |
| Functional implication: rib hump, postural imbalance, respiratory compromise | Scoliosis |
| Description: excessive posterior thoracic curvature | Kyphosis |
| Cause: osteoporosis, Scheuermann’s disease, poor posture | Kyphosis |
| Functional implication: stooped posture, pain, respiratory compromise | Kyphosis |
| Description: excessive anterior lumbar curvature | Lordosis |
| Cause: weak abdominals, hip flexor contracture, obesity | Lordosis |
| Functional implication: low back pain, altered gait mechanics | Lordosis |
| Description: loss of lumbar lordosis | Flat Back |
| Cause: spinal fusion, degenerative changes | Flat Back |
| Functional implication: difficulty standing upright, fatigue | Flat Back |
| Description: pelvis anteriorly shifted, thoracic kyphosis increased | Sway Back |
| Cause: poor posture, muscle imbalance | Sway Back |
| Functional implication: back pain, altered gait | Sway Back |
| Description: medial border of scapula protrudes | Winging Scapula |
| Cause: long thoracic nerve injury (serratus anterior weakness) | Winging Scapula |
| Functional implication: difficulty elevating arm, instability | Winging Scapula |
| Description: bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges, loss of nail angle | Nail Clubbing |
| Cause: chronic hypoxia (lung disease, heart disease), GI disorders | Nail Clubbing |
| Functional implication: cosmetic change, indicator of systemic disease | Nail Clubbing |
| Description: hyperextension of PIP, flexion of DIP | Swan Neck |
| Cause: rheumatoid arthritis, ligament laxity | Swan Neck |
| Functional implication: impaired grasp, difficulty with fine motor | Swan Neck |
| Description: MCP flexion with IP hyperextension | Z Deformity of Thumb |
| Cause: rheumatoid arthritis | Z Deformity of Thumb |
| Functional implication: impaired pinch and grip | Z Deformity of Thumb |
| Description: flexion deformity at DIP joint | Mallet Finger |
| Cause: extensor tendon rupture/avulsion | Mallet Finger |
| Functional implication: inability to extend DIP | Mallet Finger |
| Description: flexion of PIP, hyperextension of DIP | Boutonniere Deformity |
| Cause: central slip extensor tendon injury, RA | Boutonniere Deformity |
| Functional implication: impaired finger extension | Boutonniere Deformity |
| Description: fingers drift toward ulnar side | Ulnar Drift |
| Cause: rheumatoid arthritis, MCP joint destruction | Ulnar Drift |
| Functional implication: impaired grip, hand deformity | Ulnar Drift |
| Description: hyperextension of MCP, flexion of IP joints | Claw Fingers |
| Cause: ulnar nerve palsy, combined median/ulnar palsy | Claw Fingers |
| Functional implication: loss of intrinsic hand function | Claw Fingers |
| Description: finger locked in flexion, snaps on extension | Trigger Finger |
| Cause: flexor tendon sheath thickening, nodule formation | Trigger Finger |
| Functional implication: painful snapping, impaired finger motion | Trigger Finger |
| Description: thumb adducted, loss of opposition | Ape Hand |
| Cause: median nerve palsy | Ape Hand |
| Functional implication: impaired precision grip, flat palm | Ape Hand |
| Description: inability to flex 2nd and 3rd fingers when making fist | Bishop’s Hand |
| Cause: median nerve injury at elbow/wrist | Bishop’s Hand |
| Functional implication: weak grip, characteristic posture | Bishop’s Hand |
| Description: inability to flex MCP due to extensor tendon adhesion | Extensor Plus Deformity |
| Cause: tendon adhesion post-surgery or trauma | Extensor Plus Deformity |
| Functional implication: impaired finger flexion | Extensor Plus Deformity |
| Description: inability to extend wrist | Wrist Drop |
| Cause: radial nerve palsy | Wrist Drop |
| Functional implication: weak grip, hand hangs flaccid | Wrist Drop |
| Description: flexion contracture of ring/little finger due to palmar fascia thickening | Dupuytren’s Contracture |
| Cause: idiopathic, genetic predisposition, alcoholism, diabetes | Dupuytren’s Contracture |
| Functional implication: impaired hand opening, progressive deformity | Dupuytren’s Contracture |
| Description: presence of extra fingers or toes | Polydactyly |
| Cause: congenital anomaly, genetic | Polydactyly |
| Functional implication: cosmetic, may impair fine motor depending on severity | Polydactyly |
Created by:
ly8li
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