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SPINE SPECIAL TESTS

QuestionAnswer
Squeeze/compress the brachial plexus Brachial Plexus Compression test
Positive sign: radiating pain on ipsilateral arm Brachial Plexus Compression test
Cervical lateral flexion with compression Spurling’s test
Positive sign: pain in dermatomal distribution Spurling’s test
Compress head in neutral, extended, extension+rotation Spurling’s test
Same as Spurling’s Reverse Spurling’s test
Positive sign: pain on contralateral side Reverse Spurling’s test
Indication: muscle spasm/tension myalgia Reverse Spurling’s test
Cervical rotation + compression Jackson Compression test
Positive sign: pain on contralateral side Jackson Compression test
Indication: muscle spasm/tension myalgia Jackson Compression test
Patient pulls chin down into hollow above clavicle Scalene Cramp test
Positive sign: pain around shoulder area (trigger points) Scalene Cramp test
Positive sign: radiating pain Scalene Cramp test
Indication: plexopathy (brachial plexus pathology) Scalene Cramp test
Passively extend, side flex, rotate neck 30s Vertebral Artery test
Positive sign: provoked referring symptoms if opposite artery affected Vertebral Artery test
Passively pull head upward, occiput & chin hold Distraction test
Positive sign: relief of pain/diminished symptoms Distraction test
Abduct one arm, rest hand on head Shoulder Abduction test
Positive sign: relief of pain (Bakody’s sign) Shoulder Abduction test
Indication: C4-C5, C5-C6 nerve root involvement Shoulder Abduction test
Shoulder depressed/abducted 110°, elbow extended, forearm supinated, wrist/fingers extended ULTT 1
Indication: Median, AIN (C5,6,7) ULTT 1
Shoulder depressed/abducted 10°, elbow extended, forearm supinated, wrist/fingers extended ULTT 2
Indication: Median, Axillary, Musculocutaneous nerves ULTT 2
Shoulder depressed/abducted 10°, elbow extended, forearm pronated, wrist/fingers flexed, ulnar deviation ULTT 3
Indication: Radial nerve ULTT 3
Shoulder abducted 10–90°, elbow flexed, forearm supinated, wrist/fingers extended, radial deviation ULTT 4
Positive sign: Bikele’s sign (active performance) ULTT 4
Indication: Ulnar nerve ULTT 4
Close eyes 10–20s Romberg’s test
Positive sign: postural sway Romberg’s test
Indication: dorsal column deficit Romberg’s test
Eyes open sway = cerebellar deficit Romberg’s test
Long sitting, cervical + hip flexion simultaneously Lhermitte’s Sign
Positive sign: electric shock-like pain Lhermitte’s Sign
Indication: MS, spinal cord lesions Lhermitte’s Sign
Supine, cervical flexion + hip flexion with knees extended Brudzinski-Kernig test
Positive sign: knee flexion decreases pain Brudzinski-Kernig test
Indication: nerve involvement, meningeal irritation Brudzinski-Kernig test
Shoulder full abduction, palpate pulse Wright’s test
Indication: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Wright’s test
Shoulder extension Costoclavicular (Military Brace) test
Indication: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Costoclavicular test
Shoulder extension + ipsilateral cervical rotation Adson’s test
Indication: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Adson’s test
Shoulder extension + contralateral cervical rotation Halstead test
Indication: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Halstead test
Shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, cervical rotation Allen test
Indication: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Allen test
Shoulder abduction, open/close hands 3 mins Roos/EAST test
Positive sign: unable to maintain position or slowed hand movements Roos/EAST test
Indication: Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Roos/EAST test
Stooping forward Forward Bending (Adam’s) test
Positive sign: posterior rib hump Forward Bending (Adam’s) test
Indication: scoliosis Forward Bending (Adam’s) test
Plumbline at back Plumbline test
Positive sign: spine deviates from line Plumbline test
Lateral bend on higher shoulder side, return upright Lateral Trunk Bending test
Positive sign: shoulder still higher/asymmetrical = structural scoliosis Lateral Trunk Bending test
Positive sign: symmetrical = non-structural scoliosis Lateral Trunk Bending test
Short sitting, cervical flexion, hip flexed, knee extended, ankle DF Slump test 1
Indication: cervical/lumbar nerve, spinal cord, sciatic nerve Slump test 1
Short sitting, cervical flexion, hip flexed/abducted, knee extended, ankle DF Slump test 2
Indication: obturator nerve Slump test 2
Short sitting, cervical flexion, hip flexed 20°, knee flexed, ankle PF Slump test 3
Indication: femoral nerve Slump test 3
Long sitting, cervical flexion+rotation, hip flexed, knee extended, ankle DF Slump test 4
Indication: cervical/lumbar nerve, spinal cord, sciatic nerve Slump test 4
Supine, straight leg raise SLR (Lasegue’s test)
Positive sign: pain at 70° SLR (Lasegue’s test)
Indication: sciatic tension, SI joint problems depending on angle SLR (Lasegue’s test)
Supine, hip flex/add, knee extended, ankle DF SLR 1
Indication: sciatic/tibial nerve SLR 1
Supine, hip flex, knee extended, ankle DF, foot everted, toes extended SLR 2
Indication: tibial nerve SLR 2
Supine, hip flex, knee extended, ankle DF, foot inversion SLR 3
Indication: sural nerve SLR 3
Supine, hip flex, knee extended, ankle PF, foot inversion SLR 4
Indication: common peroneal nerve SLR 4
Supine, cross well leg raise (unaffected side) SLR 5
Indication: disc prolapse SLR 5
Sitting, neck flexed, hip flexed 90°, knee extended Sitting Root test
Positive sign: pain Sitting Root test
Indication: sciatic nerve tension Sitting Root test
Prone, bend knee to buttocks Prone Knee Bending (Nachlas) test
Positive sign: pain Prone Knee Bending (Nachlas) test
Indication: rectus femoris, lumbar spine (L3), ASIS rotation Prone Knee Bending (Nachlas) test
Prone, hip neutral, knee flexed PKB 1
Indication: femoral nerve PKB 1
Prone, hip extended, knee flexed+adducted PKB 2
Indication: lateral femoral cutaneous nerve PKB 2
Hip extended, knee extended PKE test
Indication: saphenous nerve PKE test
Standing on one leg, extend spine Stork Standing test
Positive sign: pain in back Stork Standing test
Indication: spondylolisthesis, facet pathology Stork Standing test
Standing on one leg + hop Flamingo test
Positive sign: pain Flamingo test
Indication: SI joint dysfunction Flamingo test
Standing on one leg, knee to chest, PT thumb at PSIS Gillet’s test
Positive sign: PSIS thumb moves up Gillet’s test
Indication: sacral fixation Gillet’s test
Sidelying, lower leg flexed to chest, upper leg extended Gaenslen’s test
Positive sign: pain Gaenslen’s test
Indication: SI joint dysfunction Gaenslen’s test
Sitting, palpate PSIS, stoop forward Piedallu’s test
Positive sign: PSIS thumb moves minimally Piedallu’s test
Indication: SI joint dysfunction Piedallu’s test
Prone, passively extend leg, flex knee before hip extension Yeoman’s test
Positive sign: pain at back Yeoman’s test
Indication: SI joint dysfunction Yeoman’s test
Compress jugular veins 30s, ask patient to cough Naffziger test
Positive sign: pain Naffziger test
Indication: increased intrathecal pressure Naffziger test
Sitting, bear down as if evacuating bowels Valsalva Maneuver
Positive sign: pain in low back Valsalva Maneuver
Positive sign: radiating pain in legs/thighs (sciatica) Valsalva Maneuver
Supine, lift both legs 2–4 inches for 30s Milgram’s test
Positive sign: patient cannot maintain position Milgram’s test
Indication: increased intrathecal pressure, space-occupying lesion Milgram’s test
Prone, PT behind patient, squeeze buttocks actively Gluteal Skyline test
observe symmetry of gluteus maximus contraction (L5,S1,S2) Gluteal Skyline test
Ask patient to perform sit-ups then cough Beevor’s Sign
Positive sign: umbilicus moves excessively Beevor’s Sign
Indication: weak abdominals (side-to-side movement) Beevor’s Sign
Palpate S2, mark 5 cm below and 10 cm above, measure upright then stoop posture Schober’s test
Positive sign: <5 cm difference = ankylosing spondylitis/LOM Schober’s test
Positive sign: >10 cm difference = hypermobile Schober’s test
Normal: 5–10 cm difference Schober’s test
Created by: ly8li
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