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Life Science Biology

TermDefinition
DNA Genetic material with instructions for building proteins
DNA structure Two strands twisted into a double helix made of nucleotides
Nucleotide DNA building block made of sugar phosphate and base
DNA replication Process that produces two identical copies of DNA
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
RNA Single stranded molecule produced by DNA
Types of RNA mRNA tRNA rRNA
Protein synthesis Process of making proteins from DNA instructions
Transcription Process of copying DNA into mRNA
Translation Process of reading mRNA to build proteins
mRNA carries instructions from DNA to ribosome
Ribosome Site of protein synthesis
A pairs with in RNA U
Codon Three base sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid
tRNA Transfers amino acids to the ribosome
Gene expression How information from genes is used to make proteins
Enzyme Protein that speeds up chemical reactions
Lock and key model Enzymes work only with specific substrates
Factors affecting enzyme activity Shape temperature and pH
Structural proteins Proteins that provide shape and support
Cell receptors Proteins that receive signals on cell surfaces
Hormones Chemical messengers that regulate body functions
Antibodies Proteins that identify and destroy pathogens
Cell theory All living things are made of cells
Cells are Basic unit of life
All cells come from Pre existing cells
Cell membrane Controls movement into and out of the cell
Selective permeability Ability to control what enters and leaves the cell
Nucleus Control center of the cell containing DNA
Mitochondria Site of cellular respiration
Cell wall Provides support in plant cells
Vacuole Stores water and wastes
Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis
Cytoplasm Gel like material filling the cell
Tissue Group of similar cells working together
Organ Structure made of different tissues working together
Organ system Group of organs working together
Digestive system function Breaks down food into nutrients
Circulatory system function Transports oxygen nutrients and wastes
Respiratory system function Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
Excretory system function Removes wastes
Nervous system function Fast control of body functions
Endocrine system function Slow control using hormones
Immune system function Protects against disease
Proteins are broken into Amino acids
Carbohydrates are broken into Simple sugars
Monosaccharide Single sugar molecule
Disaccharide Two sugars joined together
Polysaccharide Long chain of sugars
Lipids are made of Glycerol and fatty acids
Antigen Marker on pathogen recognized by immune system
Immunity Ability to resist disease
Vaccination Weakened or dead pathogen that stimulates immunity
Allergen Substance that causes allergic reaction
Homeostasis Maintaining stable internal conditions
Negative feedback Response that reverses a change
Positive feedback Response that increases a change
Insulin Hormone that lowers blood sugar
Glucagon Hormone that raises blood sugar
Photosynthesis Process plants use to make glucose
Photosynthesis occurs in Chloroplasts
Inputs of photosynthesis Carbon dioxide water and light
Outputs of photosynthesis Glucose and oxygen
Cellular respiration Process that releases energy from glucose
Cellular respiration occurs in Mitochondria
Inputs of respiration Glucose and oxygen
Outputs of respiration Carbon dioxide water and ATP
ATP Energy storage molecule used by cells
Anaerobic respiration Respiration without oxygen
Decomposition Breakdown of dead organisms
Food chain Linear feeding relationship
Food web Many interconnected food chains
Producer Organism that makes its own food
Consumer Organism that eats other organisms
Decomposer Organism that breaks down dead matter
Energy pyramid Model showing energy transfer between trophic levels
10 percent rule Only about 10 percent of energy passes to next trophic level
Biomass Total mass of living organisms in an area
Carbon cycle Movement of carbon through Earth systems
Combustion Burning that releases carbon dioxide
Carrying capacity Maximum population an ecosystem can support
Biotic factors Living parts of an ecosystem
Abiotic factors Nonliving parts of an ecosystem
Population Members of one species in an area
Community All populations in an area
Biosphere All ecosystems on Earth
Limiting factor Factor that restricts population growth
Biodiversity Variety of life in an ecosystem
Niche Role of an organism in its environment
Ecology Study of interactions among organisms and environment
Predator Organism that hunts another organism
Prey Organism hunted by predator
Autotroph Organism that makes its own food
Heterotroph Organism that eats other organisms
Herbivore Consumer that eats plants
Carnivore Consumer that eats animals
Omnivore Consumer that eats plants and animals
Scavenger Organism that eats dead animals
Parasite Organism that benefits while harming host
Mutualism Both organisms benefit
Commensalism One benefits other unaffected
Parasitism One benefits one harmed
Primary succession Succession starting with bare rock
Secondary succession Succession where soil remains
Pioneer species First organism to colonize an area
Climax community Stable final stage of succession
Urbanization Growth of cities and infrastructure
Pollution Harmful environmental change
Renewable resource Resource replaced naturally
Nonrenewable resource Resource replaced very slowly
Deforestation Removal of forests
Acid rain Rain made acidic by pollution
Global warming Increase in Earth temperature from greenhouse gases
Ozone depletion Reduction of ozone layer
Bioaccumulation Build up of toxins in one organism
Biomagnification Increase of toxins up the food chain
Algal bloom Rapid growth of algae reducing oxygen
Mitosis Cell division producing identical cells
Meiosis Cell division producing gametes
Stem cells Undifferentiated cells that can specialize
Cancer Uncontrolled cell division
Diploid Cell with two sets of chromosomes
Haploid Cell with one set of chromosomes
Chromosome Structure containing DNA and genes
Gene Section of DNA coding for a trait
Allele Different form of a gene
Heredity Passing traits from parents to offspring
Mutation Change in DNA sequence
Genetic engineering Changing DNA using technology
Gene splicing Cutting and inserting DNA
Restriction enzyme Protein that cuts DNA
Gel electrophoresis Method of separating DNA fragments
Selective breeding Choosing parents with desired traits
Punnett square Tool for predicting inheritance
Genotype Genetic makeup
Phenotype Physical appearance
Homozygous Having identical alleles
Heterozygous Having different alleles
Dominant allele Allele expressed with one copy
Recessive allele Allele expressed only with two copies
Fertilization Union of sperm and egg
Gamete Sex cell
Zygote Fertilized egg
Placenta Organ exchanging nutrients and wastes between mother and fetus
Testes Male gonads producing sperm
Ovaries Female gonads producing eggs
Species Group able to reproduce fertile offspring
Homologous structures Structures with similar anatomy from common ancestry
Fossil record Evidence of past life
Biogeography Study of species distribution
Evolution Change in species over time
Natural selection Process where advantageous traits become common
Adaptation Trait improving survival and reproduction
Speciation Formation of new species
Independent variable Variable changed in experiment
Dependent variable Variable measured in experiment
Control group Group not receiving treatment
Experimental group Group receiving treatment
Validity Accuracy and reliability of experiment
Dichotomous key Tool used to identify organisms
Thermoregulation Control of body temperature
Lactase Enzyme that breaks down lactose
Lactose intolerance Inability to digest lactose
LCT gene Gene controlling lactase production
Simulation Model of a real life process
Constraints Limits affecting a design
Criteria Requirements a design must meet
Deformation Amount an object changes shape after impact
Created by: user-2043037
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