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Question 1 SLM
Sustainable land management: managing land better for environmental benefits (W)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What is Sustainable Land Management (SLM)? | A: SLM is the use of land resources (soils, water, animals, plants) for production to meet changing human needs, while ensuring the long-term potential of these resources and maintaining their environmental benefits. (UN definition) |
| Why is SLM important for the UK ? | A: SLM is crucial for addressing climate change, food security, and biodiversity loss, all of which depend on how land is managed. The UK faces declining biodiversity and water quality, making integrated land management essential. |
| Q: What are the three main components of the Environmental Land Management Scheme (ELMs) in the UK? | A: 1) Sustainable Farming Incentive, 2) Local Nature Recovery Strategy, 3) Landscape Recovery Strategy. |
| Q: What are 'public goods' in the context of land management? | A: Public goods are benefits like clean air, attractive landscapes, or public parks that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning everyone can benefit without reducing availability to others. |
| Q: Name three key challenges facing land management in the UK. | . A: 1) Biodiversity loss, 2) Habitat degradation and loss, 3) Climate change impacts on agriculture and water systems. |
| Q: What is the difference between 'land use' and 'land management'? | A: Land use refers to decisions over spatial arrangements (e.g., forestry vs. agriculture), while land management refers to practices within those land uses. |
| Q: What are the 10 principles of Sustainable Land Management? | 1) Shared visions, 2) Bridging institutions, 3) Negotiation and equity, 4) Adaptive co-mngmnt, 5) Scaled frameworks, 6) Local specificity, 7) Spatial planning, 8) Joining up governance, 9) Changing research ,knowledge transfer, 10) Collective monitoring. |
| Q: What is 'polycentric governance' and why is it important for SLM? | A: Polycentric governance involves multiple authorities at different levels (national, regional, community) coordinating to manage land. It supports local engagement and aligns local and national objectives. |
| Q: What is the 'land sparing vs. land sharing' debate? | A: Land sparing means intensifying agriculture on some land to spare other areas for nature, while land sharing integrates wildlife-friendly farming across more land. The best approach depends on context and desired outcomes. |
| Q: How does SLM relate to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? | A: SLM supports SDGs such as Good Health and Well-being, Clean Water and Sanitation, Sustainable Cities and Communities, Responsible Consumption and Production, Climate Action, and Life on Land. |
| Q: What is the role of demonstration farms in SLM? | A: Demonstration farms show practical examples of sustainable practices, helping farmers learn what works and encouraging adoption of SLM techniques. |
| Q: What is the 'One Health' approach in relation to soils? | A: One Health links human, animal, and ecosystem health, emphasizing that healthy soils are critical for food provision, water quality, and flood risk reduction. |
| Q: What are Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES)? | A: PES are financial incentives for land managers to provide ecosystem services (like clean water or carbon sequestration) that benefit society but are not rewarded by the market. |
| Q: What is the Nature Recovery Network (NRN)? | A: The NRN is a national strategy to restore and connect habitats across England, aiming to reverse biodiversity loss and improve ecosystem services. |
| Q: Why is spatial planning important in SLM? | A: Spatial planning helps allocate land for different uses (e.g., farming, conservation, housing) in a way that balances environmental, social, and economic needs, and manages trade-offs. |
| .Q: What is adaptive co-management? | A: Adaptive co-management is a flexible, collaborative approach that uses monitoring and stakeholder input to adjust management practices in response to environmental feedback. |
| Q: How does SLM address trade-offs between food production and nature conservation? | A: SLM seeks to balance multiple public goods, using integrated approaches and stakeholder negotiation to minimize negative trade-offs and maximize overall benefits. |
| Q: What are cultural and heritage ecosystem services (CES)? | A: CES are non-material benefits from ecosystems, such as recreation, spiritual enrichment, education, and cultural identity, which are important for well-being and landscape value. |
| Q: What is the significance of local specificity in SLM? | A: Local specificity means tailoring land management approaches to the unique ecological, social, and economic conditions of each area, ensuring interventions are effective and accepted. |
| Q: What is the main goal of SLM in the UK? | A: To integrate nature restoration with other landscape benefits (food, water, climate, biodiversity, heritage), using multifunctional approaches to achieve sustainable outcomes for society and the environment. |
| Q: How does SLM help improve water resources in Wales? | A: SLM promotes practices that improve water quality, reduce flooding, enhance drought resilience. Catchment-scale management in Welsh river valleys reduce agricultural runoff , improve river health. |
| Q: What SLM practices can enhance soil health in Wales? | A: Practices such as crop rotation, reduced tillage, cover cropping, and agroforestry increase soil organic matter, reduce erosion, and improve fertility. In Wales, helps maintain productive soils , reduces the risk of landslides ,flooding in up/lowland. |
| Q: How can SLM support biodiversity in Welsh landscapes? | A; Creation of wildlife corridors, restoration of hedgerows, and maintenance of semi-natural habitats. Connecting fragmented habitats supports pollinators, native species; agri-environment schemes reward farmers for biodiversity-friendly practices. |
| Q: What role does SLM play in climate change mitigation in Wales? | A: e.g Restoring peatlands, increasing woodland cover, adopting low-carbon farming methods. Rewetting degraded peat bogs in Wales sequesters carbon ,reduces greenhouse gas emissions, tree planting on suitable land stores carbon ,provides wildlife habitat |
| Q: What is an example of SLM in action for water management in Wales? | Catchment-based approach, e.g Eden Demonstration Test Catchment (adapted 4 Welsh rivers), brings together farmers, water companies, conservation groups - reduce diffuse pollution ,manage floods (natural solutions like buffer strips ,wetland restoration). |
| Q: How has land use in Wales changed since the 19th century? | A: Land use shifted from mixed farming and permanent grassland to more intensive arable and livestock systems, influenced by government policies, wars, and the drive for food self-sufficiency. |
| Q: What was the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on Welsh land use? | A: CAP subsidies encouraged intensification and larger farms, leading to habitat loss and biodiversity decline, but also provided financial stability for rural communities. |
| Q: How effective were agri-environment schemes in Wales? | A: Schemes like Tir Gofal and Glastir incentivized environmental stewardship, but effectiveness was mixed due to complexity, uneven uptake, and sometimes insufficient targeting of biodiversity outcomes. |
| Q: What lasting impacts have these policies had on Welsh landscapes? | A: Policies led to reduced habitat diversity, loss of traditional features (hedgerows, meadows), but also increased awareness of environmental issues and the need for multifunctional landscapes. |
| Q: How is the Welsh Government's Sustainable Farming Scheme different? | A: It aims to reward farmers for delivering SLM outcomes, including public goods like biodiversity, clean water, and cultural heritage, with outcome-based payments and flexibility for different farm types. |
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BIRDINATREE
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