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SCIENCE 2ND SEMESTER
science 2nd semester final review study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do alpha, beta, and gamma decay differ in terms of penetrating power of the particles? | alpha: stops at skin cells and clothes. beta: stops at few layers of skin and aluminum gamma ray: stops at dense lead |
| What are the two types of nuclear reactions discussed in class? | fission (decomp) and fusion (synthesis) |
| What devices are used to detect and measure radioactivity? Briefly describe how each works. | geiger counter: indicates the amount of radiation present (ONLY AMOUNT) alpha survey meter: measure presence (strength) and amount of ONLY ALPHA particles dosimeter: for environmental radiation (wearable, some real time) |
| In what ways is radiation used to benefit humans? | medicine (chemo), medical tech (x-ray, CAT scan), preservatives for food, phones (electronic devices) |
| Explain why the total mass of the products in nuclear reactions is less than the mass of the reactants. | there is always energy lost. (energy can only be transferred) |
| List properties (characteristics) of acids. (5) | sour taste, conductive, proton donors, react w metal, color change by indicator |
| What are examples of common acids? (2) | carbonic acid-H2CO3, acetic acid-CH3COOH |
| What do all their formulas have in common? (acids) | they all start with hydrogen (proton donors) |
| List properties of bases. (5) | slippery feel, bitter taste, proton acceptors, color change by indicator, conductive |
| What are examples of common bases? (2) | sodium - NaOH, magnesium hydroxide-MgOH |
| What is the most common type of base? | sodium hydroxide |
| What do most common bases have in common? | they all have hydroxide at the end (OH) |
| What determines whether an acid is strong or weak? | how completely it ionizes |
| What determines whether a base is strong or weak? | how completely it dissociates to form hydroxide ions (strong base will completely dissociate, weak will partly) |
| What is the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration, acidity, and pH? | higher the hydrogen ion concentration, the higher the acidity, the lower the pH |
| State the typical pH range | 0-14 |
| Which pH values are considered acidic? | less than 7 |
| Which values are considered basic? | more than 7 |
| Which value is considered neutral? | 7 |
| While sitting on your back deck you see a hot air balloon passing over your house. A man is standing in the balloon basket looking at the landscape below. A) What is your frame of reference? B) What is the man’s frame of reference? | mine is the deck, his Is the air balloon. |
| What is the mathematical formula for displacement? | ∆X=xf-xi |
| What are the mathematical formulas for speed | s=d/t |
| What are the mathematical formulas for velocity | v=∆X/∆T |
| What are the mathematical formulas for momentum | p=mv |
| What is the mathematical formula for acceleration? | a=∆v/∆t (unit is m/s2) |
| What is the value of the acceleration of a body near the surface of the earth that is in free fall? | 9.81 m/s |
| Give two examples that illustrate projectile motion. | kicking a football, or throwing a baseball |
| Without air resistance, what shape is expected for a projectile’s trajectory? | parabola |
| What is the SI unit of force? | N (newton) |
| List three examples of contact forces | friction, normal force, and tension |
| list the three principle field forces | magnetism, gravitational, and electric forces |
| What formula is used to calculate the net force acting on an object? | ma (mass x acceleration) |
| What is the formula used to calculate the weight of an object? | W=mg |
| What two ways can the unit for weight be expressed? | N or kg ( m/s2) |
| List three types of friction. | static, sliding, rolling friction |
| How is friction beneficial? | helps with cars, helps you not fall when walking |
| List the fundamental forces | strong nuclear , electromagnetic, weak nuclear, gravitational force |
| arrange the fundamental forces in order from strongest to weakest. | strong nuclear , electromagnetic, weak nuclear, gravitational force |
| what is work | energy transferred to a system by an external force when it acts on the system to move it |
| what is power | rate of doing work |
| what Is the formula for work | w=fd |
| what is the formula for power | p=m/t |
| what is the unit for work | Joules |
| what is the unit for power | Watts |
| What is the purpose of machines? | to make work easier |
| How do machines make work easier? | they change the magnitude, direction, or distance travelled. |
| What is true about changing distance and force simultaneously? (machines) | they cannot change distance and magnitude at the same time |
| What is the formula for efficiency based on input work and output work? | Wout/Win x100 |
| What is the unit for efficiency? | its a percent |
| How is the efficiency of a machine affected by internal friction? | friction decreases the efficiency |
| What are the classes of levers and examples of each? | 1-fulcrum (seesaw) 2-output- (wheelbarrow) 3-input-(tweezers) |
| Give at least one example each of wheel and axles, | hot wheel car |
| Give at least one example each of inclined planes | ramp |
| Give at least one example each of wedges | axe/bow of ship |
| Why is energy important? | we require energy to live (food,water,heat, etc.) |
| What is the SI unit for energy? | Joules |
| What is kinetic energy | energy that an object posseses due to its motion (moving E) |
| What is kinetic energys formula is used to calculate it? | PE= 1/2mv2 |
| What is potential energy | stored energy that can be used later |
| What is potential energy formula | GPE= mgh or W(h) |
| What is the value of “g”? in PE formula | 9.81 m/s |
| Explain how the K.E. and P.E. of an object are affected when it falls | when it falls PE is converted to KE |
| Explain how the K.E. and P.E. of an object are affected when its raised | when its raised KE is converted to PE |
| What are the two nonrenewable energy resources | fossil fuels and nuclear |
| What are the three types of fossil fuels? | coal, crude oil (petroleum ), natural gases |
| List the 6 types of renewable energy sources discussed in class. | biomass, tidal, wind , solar, hydroelectric,geothermal |
| What are five ways to conserve energy? | turn off lights, take public transport, recycle, use LEds, insulation |
| what is farenhite boiling point | 212 |
| what is celcius boiling point | 100 |
| what is kelvin boiling point | 373.15 |
| what is farenhite freezing point | 32 |
| what is celcius freezing point | 0 |
| what is kelvin freezing point | 273.15 |
| what is kelvin absolute zero | 0 |
| What device is used to measure temperatures? | (bulb) thermometer |
| ) How is thermal expansion related to the workings of a bulb thermometer? | as heat increases, it expands, as heat decreases, it contracts |
| Contrast temperature and heat. | temperature is the measure of the hotness while heat is the movement of thermal energy |
| List each of the three types of heat transfer | conduction, convection, radiation |
| Give examples of thermal insulators | wood, plastic |
| Give examples of thermal conductors. | metal pan, iron |
| According to the kinetic-molecular theory (model) of heat, A) what is true of all particles? | all particles are in constant motion |
| According to the kinetic-molecular theory (model) of heat By what two means can we change the thermal energy of a system? | we can change thermal energy by heating/working on it |
| What are examples of fluids? | liquids (water), gases,(air) and plasma (stars, sun) |
| What is the formula that relates pressure, force, and area? | P=F/A |
| How does the pressure exerted by an object change if the area of contact changes? | The area is inversely proportional to the pressure, so decreasing the area of contact will cause the pressure to increase (and vice versa). |
| How do fluids flow between regions with a difference in pressure? Provide at least one example to illustrate this. | fluids flow from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure. ears “popping” when altitude increases: |
| Use Archimedes principle to explain why hot air balloons float in the air and why steel ships float in the ocean. | Hot air balloons float because the weight of the balloon is less than the weight of the air displaced by the balloon. A steel ship floats because its shape causes it to displace a volume of water that has a greater weight than the ship itself. |
| What is the density of water? | 1.00g/cm |
| How does density relate to a material floating or sinking in a fluid? | if the density Is more than the fluid, it will sink. if it is lighter, it will float |
| What causes gases to exert pressure? | particles colliding with each other and the sides of the container List three factors that affect the pressure |
| What four variables are used to describe gas samples? | number of particles, volume of sample, temp, pressure exerted by gas |
| what is boyles law | P1/V1=P2/V2 |
| what is charles law | V1/T1=V2/T2 |
| Write the formula that relates all four variables used to describe gases. | PV=nRT |
| Describe two practical uses for Bernoulli’s principle. | lift on an airplane so it can fly, and kinking a water hose |
| strong force | an attractive force that holds protons an neutrons together in a nucleus |
| radioactive decay | the natural occuring, spontaneous change of an unstable isotope to a more stable one by emitting particles or energy or both AKA nuclear decay/radioactivity |
| alpha decay | a nuclear decay that results in the emission of an alpha particle |
| beta decay | a nuclear decay that results in the emission of a beta particle |
| gamma decay | a nuclear decay that results in the emission of gamma rays |
| half-life | the time in which the atoms of a radioactive sample will probably decay |
| fission | a nuclear rxn in which a large nucleus splits into a smaller nulei |
| chain reaction | a self-sustaining nuclear fission process in which neutrons produced in one fission rxn trigger more fission events |
| fusion | a nuclear rxn in which small nuclei combine to forma more massive nucleus |
| radiotracer | a radioactive isotope used in nuclear medicine to study how an isotope moves through or collects in a certain oragan or system |
| somatic damage | any damage to cells that are not involved in reproductions, this harming the organism but not any future offspring |
| genetic damage | any damage done to DNA in cells that can affect growth and reproduction of the cells, can be passed to offspring if it occurs in reproductive cells |
| radioisotope | an isotope thats so instable its radioactive |
| acid | a substance that produces hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution |
| aqueous solution | a water-based solution |
| Indicator | a substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or base |
| Base | a substance that produces hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution |
| Alkaline | how basic a solution is |
| pH | a unitless number between 0 and 14 that tells how acidic or basic a substance is |
| salt | (modified in class): An ionic compound formed by a combination of a cation (from a base) and an anion (from an acid) |
| Neutralization | a double replacement rxn between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water |
| mechanics | the study of motion |
| frame of reference | a coordinate system used to describe the motion of an object |
| Distance: | how for an object moves during a time interval |
| scalar | a measurable quantity that consists of magnitude only |
| displacement | a vector quantity that describes a change in position |
| vector | a measurable quantity w/both magnitude and direction |
| speed | a scalar quantity indicating the rate at which an object moves |
| velocity | a vector quantity indicating the rate at which an object's position changes |
| momentum | a property of a moving system that is equal to its velocity times its mass |
| acceleration | the rate of change in velocity |
| centripetal acceleration | acceleration that causes an object to move along a circular path |
| projectile motion | the 2 dimensional motion of any flying object whose path is determined by the influence of an external force only, such as gravity |
| force- | (F) A push or pull on an object |
| contact force- | A force that acts only when one object touches another |
| field force- | a force that acts between objects that are not touching also called force at a distance |
| law of inertia- | The law that states that an object at rest remains at rest an objects in motion continue in a straight line at a constant velocity unless acted on by a net external Force also called Newton's first law of motion |
| law of acceleration- | the law that states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and is inversely proportional to its mass also called Newton's second law of motion |
| law of action-reaction- | The law that states that every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force AKA Newton's third law of motion |
| gravity- | field force that acts between the masses of any two objects |
| friction- | A contact force that works against the motion of objects trying to move past each other |
| simple machine- | A basic mechanical device that changes the magnitude direction or distance traveled of the force used when doing work |
| Work- | the energy transferred to a system by an external Force when it acts on the system to move it |
| Power- | the rate of doing work |
| Lever | a simple machine that consists of a rigid bar that turns about a pimerit point the fulcrum |
| fulcrum | the pimerit about which a lever pimerits or rotates |
| Energy | the ability to do work |
| potential energy | PE) stored energy that can be used later |
| kinetic energy | (KE) energy that an object possesses due to its motion |
| law of conservation of energy | the law that states that energy can not be created or destroyed, but only transferred between objects |
| chemical energy- | energy stored in chemical bonds |
| nuclear energy- | energy that holds particles in a nucleus together (can be released by fission or fusion rxns) |
| thermal energy | sum of the kinetic energy of all particles w/i an object (internal motions) |
| Heat- | movement of thermal energy between systems from areas of higher temp to areas of lower temp |
| electromagnetic energy (aka radiant energy)- | energy flowing through space or a material in the form of electrical + magnetic waves that are linked together |
| renewable energy resource- | an energy resource that is easily replaced by natural methods |
| nonrenewable energy resource | an energy source that is not replaced naturally |
| fossil fuels- | a fuel that has formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived in the past, including coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas |
| biomass energy | chemical potential energy obtained from renewable organic materials |
| geothermal energy | thermal energy that originates deep within the earth's interior |
| Temperature: | The measure of the hotness or coolness of a substance proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles within the substance |
| heat: | movement of thermal energy from an area of higher temp to one of lower temp |
| Conduction | movement of electric charge or thermal energy through an object or from an object to an object through direct contac |
| Convection: | movement of thermal energy as fluids move |
| Radiation: | movement of energy in the form of Electrico magnetic waves |
| thermal conductor | A material through which thermal energy moves easily |
| thermal insulator | A material through which thermal energy does not move easily |
| thermodynamics | the study of thermal energy and heat and how they relate to work in other forms of energy |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transferred between objects aka the law of conservation of energy |
| second law of thermodynamics | energy can flow from a colder object to a warmer object only if something does work |
| third law of thermodynamics | the law that states that entropy would be at its minimum value at Absolute Zero therefore absolute zero can never be achieved |
| fluid | a substance that can flow |
| pressure | the force exerted on a unit of area |
| pascal | The derived SI unit of pressure |
| pascals principle | states that pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid |
| buoyant force | upward force caused by the displacement of a fluid |
| archemides principle | states that an immersed object displaces an amount of fluid equal to its volume and that the weight of the displaced fluid is equal to the buoyant force acting on the object |
| boyles law | states that the pressure and volume of a sample of gas at a constant temperature are inversely proportional |
| Charles law | states that the volume and absolute (K) temperature of a sample of gas at constant pressure are directly proportional |
| Bernoulli’s principle | states that the fluid pressure of a flowing fluid decreases as its speed increases |
| hydraulics | the branch of physics concerned with the forces within and work done by liquids |
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