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all psych studies
every single 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| darley & latane (1968) | examined how the presence of others affects response to potential emergency. participants sat in gradually filling smoke room - alone, 75% reported, but with passive confederates, 10% did, and 38% did with other participants |
| levine (1994) | investigated prosocial behavior across 36 us cities by measuring responses to situations like dropping a pen or helping the blind - behavior reclined with increased population size/density/economic productivity - urban envs lower prosocial tendencies |
| steblay (1987) | conducted meta-analysis of 65 studies comparing helping behavs in urban vs rural settings. people in rural areas more likely to help, helping rates declining in cities w over 300k. diffusion of responsibility in influencing prosocial behavs |
| batson et al (1981) | whether empathy leads to genuine altruism. participants saw confederate elaine shocked, asked if they would take her place - high empathy more likely to help even when escape was easy (empathy-altruism hyp.), low emp mainly helped when escape was hard |
| cialdini et al (2008) | social norms influencing environmentally friendly behavior in hotels. guests have cards encouraging towel reuse either envir. msg or descriptive norm, norm-based msg leading to more compliance: peer behavior can be a more powerful motivator than ethics |
| bickman (1974) | effect of authority appearance on complaince. confederates dressed as guard/milkman/civillian made requests, people more likely to comply when it was the guard outfit - visible authority strongly influences behavior |
| bushman (1988) | clothing on obedience. female confederate in police/professional/causal attire asked for change at a parking meter, highest compliance was when she wore a uniform |
| loftus & palmer (1974) experiment 2 | video of car accident, asked q with smashed/hit/no question after a week, smashed was more likely to falsely recall seeing broken glass - evidence for misinformation effect; post-event language can alter memory |
| loftus and palmer (1974) experiment 1 | videos of traffic, smashed/collided/bumped/hit/contacted, smashed = highest estimates of speed, contacted lowerst, leading questions can influence memory recall |
| stone et al (1997) | racial stereotypes influencing perceptions of athletics. listened to radio broadcast of college basketball game, shown photo of supposed player - when black, rated more natural athletic ability when white, rated as more intelligent/strategic |
| cohen (1981) | schemas/stereotypes influence memory thru confirm bias. woman having diner video, told waitress/librarian, had to recall details, people remember details consistent with their existing schemas |
| bransford and johnson (1972) | schema activation affecting comprehension & memory. vague passage, difficult to understand out of context; those who were shown a contextual image before hearing it remembered it better. activated schema helps organize and encode info |
| park and rothbart (1982) | in-group bias by studying how female college students from different sororities perceived their own group versus others - own sorority more diverse/favorable, in-group favoritism & out-group homogeneity |
| tajfel et al (1971) | minimum condiions for in-group favoritism. british boys assigned randomy on trivial criteria, allocated rewards to members of their own group anyways. assigned to group is enough to trigger bias! social identity plays powerful role in intergroup behav |
| cialdini (1976) | social identity in college students. basking in reflecting glory. won = school apparel+"we," lost=not that. enhanced self-esteem thru associating with successful in-groups, even if they played no role in the win |
| phelps (2000) | neural basis of implicit racial bias with fMRI scans. viewed black/white faces, greater activation in amygdala when viewing black faces among those who showed higher levels of implicit bias on IAT - unconscious racial attitudes linked to neural responses |
| sherif et al (1961) | intergroup conflict/coorperation. boys at camp divided, competitive situations, strong in-group favoritism+hostility, but cooperation on superordinate goals eased tensions. conflict arises thru comp but reduced thru coop - realistic conflict theory |
| allport's contact hypothesis (1954) | prejudice between groups can be reduced thru positive cooperative contact. intergroup contact, to be successful, needs equal status/common goals/suported by social+institutional norms |
| pettigrew and tropp (2006) | meta-analysis of over 500 studied to evaluate allpot's hyp. found strong consistent relationship btwn intergroup contact and reduced prejudice, even when not all of allports conditions were met - largely generalizable |
| bond and smith (1996) | meta-analysis of 133 studies of asch's conformity paradihm acrss 17 countries. higher conformity in collectivist (japan, fiji) vs individualistic cultures (US, UK). cultural values influence social behavior - group harmony vs independence |
| barry et al (1959) | cross-cultural correlational study on economic factors influencing child-rearing practices. agricultural/subsistence societies (group cooperation) emphasize obedience/conformity, hunting/industrial emph. independence |
| berry (1967) | cross-cultural comparison of conformity w variation of asch paradigm to see how culture influnces social behavior. temne (collectivist) vs inuit (individual), temne higher conformity. social behavior shaped by cultural context |
| torres et al (2012) | latino acculturative stress 669 participants relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress - higher adoption of mainstream US culture was weaker relationship between those two |
| bechara et al (1995) | student patients w dmg to vmPFC using Iowa gambling task, simulating real-life decision-making. healthy participants learned to avoid risky decks w high immediate gains but larger long-term losses, vmPFC patients kept choosing from those decks |
| Cohen et al (1996) | high testosterone and cortisol increase in southerners from culture of honor, more aggressive behavior observed in southerners - reputation & masculinity diminished by insult, cultural values can influence behavior |
| bandura et al (1961) | experiment on observational learning involved children watching an adult aggressively interact w a bobo doll - likely to copy that behav if they saw that, physically and verbally. aggression can be learned through observation |
| weiskrantz (1956) | researchers lesioned the amygdala in rhesus monkeys and observed majory changes in their emotional behavior. monkeys became tame/fearless/indifferent to threats, providing early evidence that amygdala plays critical role in fear and emotional responses |
| Rosenzweig and Bennett (1972) | placed rats in in either enriched environments (toys/social interactions/maze challenges) or impoverished ones (isolated/no stimulation) - after weeks, rats in EE had significantly thicker cerebral cortices & more synaptic connections - envir shapes brain |
| luby et al (2013) | longitudinal study examining how poverty in childhood affects brain development. brain imaging, researchers found kids from low-income families had reduced volumes in key brain areas like hippocampus/amygdala. high levels of parent support helped to ofset |
| perry and pollard (1997) | kids who experienced neglect/trauma during critical development periods. abnormal brain development patterns (reduced brain volume/disrupted cortical organization in areas like amygdala. early adverse childhood exps can impair brain + long-term funcs |
| lazar et al (2005) | MRI scans - compared brains of individuals who regularly mediated vs those who didn't - meditators had increased cortical thickness in areas associated w attention, sensory processing, and emotional regulation |
| caspi et al (2002) | MAOA interaction w childhood maltreatment to influence antisocial behavior. participants w low-activity version of the gene who were also abused as kids were more likely to develop violent/antisocial behavior - major study demonstrating gene-envir tie |
| meyer-lindenberg et al (2008) | when viewing fearful/angry faces, MAOA-L group had significantly increased activity in their amygdala and reduced activity in vmPFC + less gray matter in amygdalae. MAOAL gene may correlate w aggression/impulse/emotion reactions |
| grafman et al (1996) | Vietnam war veterans with brain injuries in the PFC. with dmg, more likely to exhibit aggression, poor social judgement, and antisocial behavior. highlighted PFC role in inhibiting impulsess |
| feinstein et al (2011) | case study SM, rare bilateral amygdala dmg. SM didn't experience fear, even when exposed to scenarios like haunted houses or snakes. amygdala necessary for experiencing and recognizing fear |
| Albert et al (1986) | castrated rats w no access to testosterone had reduced signs of aggression, rats w/o operations did not change significantly, those w decreased testosterone lost social position. testosterone = evolutionary adaptation for increased chances of survival |
| ahs et al (2009) | fMRI study examined peoples responses to fearful stimuli (imgs of spiders/snakes), greater amygdala activation = more likely to report heightened fear sensitivity. localization of functions |
| passamonti et al (2012) | temporarily reduced serotonin levels in healthy participants and used fMRI to monitor brain activity. low s=less communication btwn PFC and amygdala, explaining low serotonin to poor emotional control and impulsivity |
| desbordes et al (2012) | longitudinal neuroimaging study, participants underwent 8 wks of mindfulness meditation training. reduced amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli, meaning meditation could produce lasting changes in the brains emotional circuitry |
| goetz et al (2014) | administering testosterone to men increased their amygdala reactivity when they viewed angry faces. testosterone may heighten sensitivity to perceived social threats, increasing defensive aggression |
| radke et al (2015) | testosterone or placebo, shown threatening faces undergoing fMRI. given testosterone, more likely to engage in aggressive responses when given opportunity to retaliate. testosterone primes brain for dominance-related social behavior |
| raine and baker (2007) | twin study assessed the heritability of antisocial behavior using questionnaires completed by twins/parents/teachers. results showed strong genetic influence on antisocial traits, but also shared vs nonshared environments influence. biopsychological! |
| Grove et al (1990) | measuring antisocial behavior thru genetics, 32 sets of identical twins. interviews/tests/questionnares. results = heritability of antisocial behavior in adults was 28% and 41% in children. environment = important influence |
| peterson&Peterson (1959) | investigated duration of short-term memory using trigrams (3-letter nonsense syllables), participants shown one, count backward from 3, then asked to recall after 3-18 secs. memory declined as delay increased. 10% decline 18 sec. short-term memory limited |
| glazner and cunitz (1966) | serial position effect. given list to memorize, then recall either immediately or after distraction task. better recall for start and end immediate, but this disappeared after delay; two memory systems, long-term primacy and short-term recency |
| milner and scoville (1957) | case of HM, patient who underwent surgery to treat severe epilepsy. removed parts of temporal lobe, including hippocampus, and epilepsy got better but could not longer form long-term memories. |
| Robbins et al (1996) | investigated role of different components of working memory in chess performance. participants asked to memorize chess positions while performing secondary task, visuospatial sketchpad crucial for tasks with spatial reasoning |
| klingberg et al (2005) | randomized, controlled trial to assess effects of computerized working memory training on kids w ADHD. 53 from 7-12 assigned to either an adaptive WM training program or a comparison program. treatment group had improved visuospatial WM tasks etc |
| sapolsky et al (1990) | key insights into relationship btwn chronic stress/cortisol/brain structure. cortisol implants in animals, prolonged exposure to elevated cortisol results in dmg to hippocampus, chronic high cortisol linked to neuron atrophy and smaller hippocampus |
| bremmer et al (1995) | MRI scans to measure structure of brains of veterans from Vietnam, compared w 22 healthy controls. showed right hippocampus was 8% smaller in patients with PTSD |
| elzinga et al (2003) | after exposure to trauma-related stimuli, women who had PTSD as result of childhood abuse showed increases in cortisol lvl. after reading scripts designed to remind them of their trauma, cortisol lvl 122% higher than non-PTSD controls |
| garrison et al (1995) | prevalence/correlation of PTSD among adolescents 6 months after hurricane Andrew. surveyed 378 kid-adult pairs across high/low impact areas + all race; 9% females PTSD, 3% of men, black 8.3%, Hispanic 6.1%, post-disaster stressors more contributing to it |
| macnamara et al (2016) | SSRIs (paroxetine) influence prefrontal cortex func during emotional regulation in people w PTSD. MRI, observed SSRI treatment enhanced activation in the left dorsolateral PFC |
| stein et al (2000) | meta-analysis, evaluated efficacy of SSRIs in treating PTSD. randomized trials, SSRIs improved PTSD symptoms compared to placebo. supports SSRIs as a first-line pharmacological treatment - safe & effective but more research is needed |
| Roy et al (2014) | exposure therapy on PTSD. 19 combat veterans, randomized to get virtual reality exposure therapy. fMRIs used before and after to assess changes in brain activity + CAPS questionnaires, VRET group reductions in CAPS |
| rothbaum et al (2001) | efficacy of WRET for PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. 10 male participants, 8-16 sessions of VRET. significant reductions in symptoms, from 15% to 67%, improvements maintained at 6 month check-up |
| Horne et al (2004) | how cultural background influences beliefs about medication, 500 UK undergrads. questionnaire, Asian culture bckgrds more likely view meds as harmful/addictive, European view more positive. importance of considering cultural perspectives in healthcare |
| jiminez et al (2012) | examined how cultural beliefs influence mental health treatment preferences in elderly. 2k+ participants, signif. diff in beliefs of causes of mental illnesses/pref treatments across racial/ethnic groups. importance of cultural sensitivity |
| urry et al (2006) | investigated neural mechanisms underlying emotion regulation, interaction btwn amygala/PFC. fMRI, told to increase/decrease/maintain emotional responses to negative stimuli. successful downregulation = positive cognitive reappraisal |
| hitchock et al (2015) | cognitive appraisals/social support influence development of PTSD in kids. 97 kids, avg age 12, 1&12 months post-trauma using self-report measures/diagnostic interviews. negative cogapp mediated relationship btwn perceived social support/PTSD severity |
| solomon et al 2005) | examined gender diff in psychological responses to terrorism during al-aqsa intifada in israel. 512 adults, women higher lvls PTSD, but men more likely direct exposure to events; women lower self-efficacy/diminished self of safety |
| gilbertson et al (2002) | investigated whether reduced hippocampus is a preexisting vulnerability factor for developing PTSD. monozygotic twin design, compared hippocampus of 40 male twin pairs, small hippo bc of genetic traits; led to easier PTSD, not result of PTSD |
| buchanan and lovallo (2001) | explored how elevated cortisol lvls influence memory. double blind, placebo, 48 healthy, 20mg of cortisol or placebo. viewed images (emotionally pos/neg/neut) and then memory was assessed 1 wk later. cortisol enhanced recall. improve memory consolidation |
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