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ib psych studies
all the studying
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| darley & latane (1968) | examined how the presence of others affects response to potential emergency. participants sat in gradually filling smoke room - alone, 75% reported, but with passive confederates, 10% did, and 38% did with other participants |
| levine (1994) | investigated prosocial behavior across 36 us cities by measuring responses to situations like dropping a pen or helping the blind - behavior reclined with increased population size/density/economic productivity - urban envs lower prosocial tendencies |
| steblay (1987) | conducted meta-analysis of 65 studies comparing helping behavs in urban vs rural settings. people in rural areas more likely to help, helping rates declining in cities w over 300k. diffusion of responsibility in influencing prosocial behavs |
| batson et al (1981) | whether empathy leads to genuine altruism. participants saw confederate elaine shocked, asked if they would take her place - high empathy more likely to help even when escape was easy (empathy-altruism hyp.), low emp mainly helped when escape was hard |
| cialdini et al (2008) | social norms influencing environmentally friendly behavior in hotels. guests have cards encouraging towel reuse either envir. msg or descriptive norm, norm-based msg leading to more compliance: peer behavior can be a more powerful motivator than ethics |
| bickman (1974) | effect of authority appearance on complaince. confederates dressed as guard/milkman/civillian made requests, people more likely to comply when it was the guard outfit - visible authority strongly influences behavior |
| bushman (1988) | clothing on obedience. female confederate in police/professional/causal attire asked for change at a parking meter, highest compliance was when she wore a uniform |
| loftus & palmer (1974) experiment 2 | video of car accident, asked q with smashed/hit/no question after a week, smashed was more likely to falsely recall seeing broken glass - evidence for misinformation effect; post-event language can alter memory |
| loftus and palmer (1974) experiment 1 | videos of traffic, smashed/collided/bumped/hit/contacted, smashed = highest estimates of speed, contacted lowerst, leading questions can influence memory recall |
| stone et al (1997) | racial stereotypes influencing perceptions of athletics. listened to radio broadcast of college basketball game, shown photo of supposed player - when black, rated more natural athletic ability when white, rated as more intelligent/strategic |
| cohen (1981) | schemas/stereotypes influence memory thru confirm bias. woman having diner video, told waitress/librarian, had to recall details, people remember details consistent with their existing schemas |
| bransford and johnson (1972) | schema activation affecting comprehension & memory. vague passage, difficult to understand out of context; those who were shown a contextual image before hearing it remembered it better. activated schema helps organize and encode info |
| park and rothbart (1982) | in-group bias by studying how female college students from different sororities perceived their own group versus others - own sorority more diverse/favorable, in-group favoritism & out-group homogeneity |
| tajfel et al (1971) | minimum condiions for in-group favoritism. british boys assigned randomy on trivial criteria, allocated rewards to members of their own group anyways. assigned to group is enough to trigger bias! social identity plays powerful role in intergroup behav |
| cialdini (1976) | social identity in college students. basking in reflecting glory. won = school apparel+"we," lost=not that. enhanced self-esteem thru associating with successful in-groups, even if they played no role in the win |
| phelps (2000) | neural basis of implicit racial bias with fMRI scans. viewed black/white faces, greater activation in amygdala when viewing black faces among those who showed higher levels of implicit bias on IAT - unconscious racial attitudes linked to neural responses |
| sherif et al (1961) | intergroup conflict/coorperation. boys at camp divided, competitive situations, strong in-group favoritism+hostility, but cooperation on superordinate goals eased tensions. conflict arises thru comp but reduced thru coop - realistic conflict theory |
| allport's contact hypothesis (1954) | prejudice between groups can be reduced thru positive cooperative contact. intergroup contact, to be successful, needs equal status/common goals/suported by social+institutional norms |
| pettigrew and tropp (2006) | meta-analysis of over 500 studied to evaluate allpot's hyp. found strong consistent relationship btwn intergroup contact and reduced prejudice, even when not all of allports conditions were met - largely generalizable |
| bond and smith (1996) | meta-analysis of 133 studies of asch's conformity paradihm acrss 17 countries. higher conformity in collectivist (japan, fiji) vs individualistic cultures (US, UK). cultural values influence social behavior - group harmony vs independence |
| barry et al (1959) | cross-cultural correlational study on economic factors influencing child-rearing practices. agricultural/subsistence societies (group cooperation) emphasize obedience/conformity, hunting/industrial emph. independence |
| berry (1967) | cross-cultural comparison of conformity w variation of asch paradigm to see how culture influnces social behavior. temne (collectivist) vs inuit (individual), temne higher conformity. social behavior shaped by cultural context |
| torres et al (2012) | perceived discrimination impacting psychological distress. 669 participants, latino adults - im tired im going to finish this in the morning |
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