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12.1-12.4
India Janov
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| B lymphocytes | lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow before moving out to the blood and the rest of the body; also called B cells |
| endothelial cells | cells that form the walls of lymphatic capillaries; their overlapping structure helps fluid enter the lymphatic capillaries and makes it hard for the fluid to leave |
| interstitial fluid | fluid in the spaces between cells |
| lingual tonsils | two masses of lymphatic tissue that lie on either side of the base of the tongue |
| lymph | clear, transparent, sometimes faintly yellow fluid that is collected from tissues throughout the body and flows in the lymphatic vessels |
| lymph nodes | small, bean-shaped structures found along the lymphatic vessels throughout the body |
| lymphatic nodules | small, localized clusters of dense tissue formed by lymphocytes and macrophages |
| Lymphatic Trunks | large lymphatic vessels that drain lymph from different parts of the body |
| lymphatic valves | tissue flaps that act as one-way valves inside the lymphatic vessels |
| lymphatic vessels | vessels that carry lymph |
| Lymphocytes | white blood cells that are abundant in lymphatic tissue |
| Macrophages | cells that phagocytize (surround and destroy) foreign cells, such as bacteria and viruses |
| Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) | lymphatic tissue found in mucous membranes that line passageways open to the outside world; these include the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
| Natural Killer (NK) Cells | lymphocytes that play an important role in the nonspecific defense system of the body by killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells |
| palatine tonsils | two masses of lymphatic tissue that lie in the back of the mouth, on the left and right sides; the largest and most commonly infected tonsils |
| Pathogens | disease causing agents |
| pharyngeal tonsils | lymphatic tissue that lies at the back of the nasopharynx, the part of the throat above the palate, and opens into the nasal cavity; commonly called the adenoid |
| spleen | the largest lymphatic organ in the body, located in the abdomen below the diaphragm; filters blood and activates an immune response if necessary |
| T lymphocytes | lymphocytes that complete their maturation in the thymus before they move out to the blood and the rest of the body; also called T cells |
| alternative pathway | one of the two primary ways in which the complement system can be activated; this pathway is triggered when the C3b complement protein binds to foreign material |
| classical pathway | a mode of complement system activation in which a circulating complement protein recognizes an antibody bound to foreign material |
| Complement proteins | proteins in the blood that work with immune system cells and antibodies to defend the body against infection |
| complement system | a system of 11 proteins that circulate in the blood plasma through the body and work together to destroy foreign substances; complements, or balances out, the specific and nonspecific defense systems of the body |
| exocytosis | the process in which cell membranes fuse together and then push debris from the cell vesicles to the outside of the cell |
| fever | the maintenance of body temperature at a higher-than-normal level |
| inflammatory response | physiological response to tissue injury or infection, also called inflammation; the four signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, and pain |
| interferons | proteins released by cells that have been infected with viruses; interfere with virus reproduction |
| mast cells | connective tissue cell with granules (particles) that contain histamine, a compound which, when released into surrounding fluid, activates an inflammatory response |
| monocytes | leukocytes that develop into phagocytizing macrophages when they migrate out of lymphatic circulation into surrounding tissue |
| neutophils | most common type of white blood cell; can slip out of capillaries and into surrounding tissue, where they destroy bacteria and cellular debris |
| opsonins | proteins that make cells more attractive to phagocytes |
| Phagocytes | cells that engulf and consume bacteria, foreign material, and debris |
| Phagocytosis | the process by which a cell engulfs and destroys foreign matter and cellular debris |
| Prostaglandins | fatty acids involved in the control of inflammation and body temperature |
| Pyrogens | chemicals that tend to cause fever by raising the set-point temperature of the neurons in the hypothalamus |
| active immunity | immunity in which the blood plasma cells in the body make antibodies as a result of previous exposure to a disease or a vaccine |
| Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) | cells that process protein antigens and present them on their surface in a form that can be recognized by lymphocytes (white blood cells) |
| apoptosis | a programmed process of cellular self destruction (cell suicide) |
| cellular immunity | immunity that arises from the activation of T lymphocytes (T cells) by antigen-presenting cells; cell-mediated immunity |
| clonal selection | repeated division of a lymphocyte that produces many exact genetic copies (clones) of itself |
| humoral immunity | immunity associated with free antibodies that circulate in the blood; antibody-mediated immunity |
| immune system | the cells and chemicals that contribute to the bodys specific defenses against disease |
| Immunoglobulins | antibodies; proteins that recognize particular antigens with great specificity |
| Major Histocompatibility Complex glycoproteins (MHC) | family of proteins found on the surfaces of lymphocytes and other cells; help the immune system recognize foreign antigens and ignore "self" tissues |
| memory cells | B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes in lymphatic tissues that can respond if a previously encountered antigen invades the body again |
| passive immunity | immunity that comes from antibodies received from an outside source, such as breast milk |
| Precipitation | the formation of an insoluble complex, such as a clump of antigen molecules joined together by antibodies |
| Primary immune response | the initial immune system response to a foreign invader such as a virus or bacterium |
| Secondary immune response | immune system response to an infectious agent that it has encountered before |
| Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | a disease in which the immune system is greatly weakened due to infection with HIV, making a person more susceptible to rare cancers and opportunistic infections |
| allergen | antigen that causes an inappropriately strong immune system response |
| anaphylaxis | A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that may include airway obstruction and very low blood pressure |
| autoimmune disorder | a condition in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissue |
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | the virus that causes AIDS |
| immunotherapy | a long-term, preventive treatment for allergies; "allergy shots" |
| lymphedema | a buildup of extracellular fluid in the body because of disruption in lymphatic drainage |
| metastasis | the spreading of cancerous cells from their original location to another part of the body |
| opportunistic infection | an infection that rarely or never occurs in people with a healthy immune system but that may occur in a person with a damaged immune system, such as from AIDS |
| tolerance | reduction or elimination of the allergic response, which may occur after immunotherapy |
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