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RAD 106 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is matter? | Anything that has mass and takes up space |
| What is energy? | The ability to do work |
| What is kinetic energy? | Energy of motion |
| What is potential energy? | Stored energy |
| What is thermal energy? | The total internal kinetic energy of particles that make up a substance |
| What is chemical energy? | Potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds |
| What is electromagnetic energy? | It is a form of radiant energy that travels through space in a form of waves. It includes x-rays and light. |
| What is radiation in terms of x-rays? | High-energy electromagnetic radiation that has shorter wavelengths which allows it to penetrate different materials |
| What is work and its formula? | W measures the transfer of energy that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force. The formula is W = F x d |
| What is velocity? | The rate of change of an object's position with time. The formula is Velocity = Displacement / Time |
| What is the SI unit of velocity? | meters per second (m/s) |
| What is the law of conservation of energy? | The total energy of an isolated system remains constant. That energy can neither be created nor destroyed. |
| What is Newton's 1st Law? | Law of Inertia that an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force |
| What is Newton's 2nd Law? | The net force acting on an object is directly proportional to its acceleration and inversely proportional to its mass. A greater force causes more acceleration and more mass requires more force to accelerate the same amount. Force = ma |
| What is Newton's 3rd Law? | For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| What are the base quantities? | Mass (kg), length (m), and time (s) |
| What is the formula for volume? | Formula is V = length x width x height; m^3 |
| What is the formula for density? | p = Mass / Volume; kg/m^3 |
| What is the formula for momentum? | p = mass x velocity; kg x m/s. It is the mass of an object and its velocity |
| What is the formula for work? | W = force x distance; Joule. It is the product of force and distance |
| What is the formula for power? | P = Work / Time; W. It is the quotient of work by time |
| What is radiation exposure? | The intensity of the x-ray beam in the air. SI unit is Air Kerma (Gya) |
| What is radiation absorbed dose? | The amount of energy deposited in tissue. SI unit is Gray (Gyt) |
| What is effective dose for radiologic technologists? | The calculated whole-body occupational radiation exposure. Si unit is Sieverts (Sv) |
| What is radioactivity? | The release of energy from unstable materials, used in nuclear medicine. SI unit is Becquerel (Bq) |
| What is ionization? | Where high-energy x-ray photons interact with matter and have enough energy to completely remove one or more electrons from an atom or molecule |
| What is scientific notation? | Concise and standardized way of writing very large or small numbers using powers of 10 |
| How do you convert fractions to decimals? | You divide the top number (numerator) by the bottom number (denominator) |
| What is exponential form? | It's a concise mathematical notation to represent repeated multiplication of the same base by itself |
| What is conduction? | The transfer of heat through direct contact between materials (eg. touching hot stove) |
| What is convection? | The transfer of heat by the movement of fluids (eg. boiling water) |
| X-rays have electromagnetic energy. True or False? | True |
| Radiation is the transfer of energy. True or False? | True |
| Ionization is the removal of an electron. True or False? | True |
| ALARA means? | As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
| Radiology is considered unsafe. True or False? | False. Radiology is considered safe. |
| What are examples of natural radiation? | Radon, cosmic, terrestrial radiation |
| What is a man-made radiation? | Diagnostic x-rays |
| How much radiation do you get from natural background? | About 3-5 mSv/year |
| What percentage of exposure do yo get from medical imaging? | About 48% |
| What is the Snook transformer? | Invented by Homer Snook in 1907 and was the first interrupterless transformer. It was revolutionary for x-ray technology. |
| What is the Coolidge tube? | Invented by William Coolidge in 1913. It is a high-vacuum x-ray tube; "hot cathode" that heated tungsten filament to emit electrons while accelerating towards the tungsten target anode. It created stable adjustable x0ray output. |
| When was CT developed? | In the 1970s |
| Atomic Number depends on? | The number of photons |
| A neutral atom has the same amount of protons as electrons. True or False? | True |
| An element's identity depends on? | The number of protons |
| What is the innermost shell called? | K Shell and it has the strongest binding energy |
| What is the formula for the electron capacity? | It is 2n^2 as n is the principal quantum number (shell number) |
| Nucleons contain? | Protons and Neutrons |
| Nucleons is stability for radioactivity. True or False? | True |
| Protons help with atomic density and why bones appear white on x-rays. It is also the atomic mass. True or False? | True |
| High atomic number will absorb more radiation. True or False? | True |
| Unstable neutrons do not lead to anything. True or False? | False. Unstable neutrons lead to being radioactive |
| Atomic mass numbers are comprised of? | Protons plus neutrons |
| Nuclear medicine contains nucleons and unstable nuclei. True or False? | True |
| Are protons positive and heavy? | Yes |
| Do neutrons have a charge? | No, they do not have a charge and they are heavy |
| Are electrons negative and light? | Yes |
| What is an ion | An atom or molecule with an electric charge due to either a loss or gain of one or more electrons |
| What are isotopes? | They have different neutrons (atomic mass) but the same protons (atomic number) |
| What shell does the Photoelectric Effect disrupt? | The inner shell as an electron is removed. It has a higher binding energy. |
| What shell does Compton Scattering disrupt? | The outer-shell as an electron is removed. It has lower binding energy. |
| Is atomic mass number the same as atomic mass? | No they are different. Atomic mass number is the specific amount of particles in a single atom and it is a whole number. Atomic mass is the average mass of an element's isotopes and is a decimal number. |
| What are isobars? | Atomic nuclei have the same atomic mass number but different atomic numbers (different protons) |
| What are isotones? | The same number of neutrons but different number of protons (different protons, same neutrons) |
| What are isomers? | Same atomic number and atomic mass number, but the energy state is different |
| What does particulate radiation contain? | It has matter, mass, and charge. It contains alpha (2 protons and 2 neutrons, large, heavy, positively charged, low penetration, and highly damaging if inhaled or ingested) and beta particles (high-speed electrons with a negative charge that can penetrate |
| What are examples of electromagnetic radiation? | It includes gamma rays and x-rays. It has energy but no mass nor charge. |
| What is half-life? | The time to reduce activity by half. It is constant and cannot change. |
| What is alpha decay? | Type of radioactive decay where an unstable atomic nuclei emits an alpha particle to become more stable |
| What is beta decay? | Type of radioactive decay where an unstable atomic nuclei emits a beta particle (high energy fast moving electron) to achieve greater stability |
| What is gamma decay? | Type of radioactive decay where an unstable exited atomic nucleus releases excess energy by emitting high-energy high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (gamma rays). |
| What are MRI Cyrogens? | It uses Liquid helium and Liquid nitrogen |
| What is filtration? | It removes low energy x-rays |
| What was John Dalton's model of an atom? | It was proposed in the early 1800s and was the first scientific theory to describe matter in terms of atoms. He visualized them as solid, indivisible, and indestructable spheres. |
| What was J. J. Thomson's model of an atom? | It was proposed in 1904 and is known as the "Plum Pudding Model." He believed the atom to be a sphere of uniformly distributed positive charge (pudding) with negatively charged electrons (plums) and this made the overall atom neutral. |
| What was Ernest Rutherford's model of an atom? | It was proposed in 1911 and introduced the concept of a dense positively charged nucleus at the center of an atom, surrounded by orbiting electrons. The gold foil experiment was famous and concluded that atoms are mostly empty space. |
| What was Niels Bohr's model of an atom? | It was proposed in 1913 and describes the atom as a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in quantized circular orbits (shells). It was the first to incorporate quantum concepts for atomic stability and spectral lines. |
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