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Clinical/Health Voc
Disorders & Therapy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bio-psychosocial Perspective | The perspective that any psychological problem potentially involves a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. |
| DSM-V | The 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders. |
| Dopamine Hypothesis | The theory that schizophrenia is caused by excess dopamine in the brain due to either an overproduction or a deficiency of the enzyme needed to convert dopamine to norepinephrine (adrenaline) |
| Diathesis-stress Approach (Model)* | The theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating. |
| Tardive Dyskinesia | A movement disorder associated with the use of antipsychotics. Symptoms include tremor and spasticity pf muscle groups. |
| Compulsion* | A type of behavior (ex: hand washing) engaged in to reduce anxiety or distress. Associated with obsession. |
| Obsession* | A persistent thought, idea, image, or impulse experienced as intrusive or inappropriate and results in anxiety, distressed, or discomfort. |
| Fixation* | An obsessive preoccupation with a single idea, impulse, or aim. |
| Rosenhan Study | The study that investigated the validity of psychiatric diagnoses by examining how mental health professionals identified mental illness. |
| Hallucinations: Auditory and Visual* | Visual: seeing things that aren't real, from lights to vivid images. Auditory: intense distressing "voices" heard from an external source. |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) | A mood disorder in which there is an occurrence of major depressive episodes, manic, or both at particular times of the year. |
| Flat affect* | Total or near absence of appropriate emotional responses to situations and events. |
| Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders* | Disorders characterized by issues in one or more of these five areas: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms. Schizophrenia can be experienced as an acute or chronic condition. |
| Schizophrenia* | A psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech (POS) and lack of movement/emotional reactions (NEG). |
| Schizoid personality disorder* | A cluster A disorder (eccentric) in which one avoids social interaction with others. |
| Schizotypal personality disorder* | A cluster A disorder (eccentric) in which one has odd ways of thinking, perceiving, and communicating. |
| Personality Disorders | Disorders characterized by enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior that is deviant from one’s culture; is pervasive and inflexible; begins in adolescence or early adulthood; is stable over time; and leads to personal distress or impairment. |
| Narcissistic Personality disorder* | A cluster B disorder (dramatic) in which one has an inflated sense of self-importance. |
| Borderline personality disorder* | A cluster B disorder (dramtaic) in which one has emotional instability and impulsivity. |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder* | A cluster B disorder (dramatic) in which one has no regard for others and feels no remorse/guilt. |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder* | A cluster C disorder (fearful) in which one is very focused on order and perfection. |
| Dependent Personality Disorder* | A cluster C disorder (fearful) in which one needs to be reassured, taken care of, and relies on others. |
| Oppositional Defiant disorder* | A behavior disorder of childhood characterized by recurrent hostile behavior toward authority figures typically not involving aggression or destruction. |
| Avoidant personality disorder* | A cluster C disorder (fearful) in which one feels inadequate, socially judged which lead to avoidance of interpersonal contact. |
| Histrionic personality disorder* | A cluster B disorder (dramatic) characterized by patterns of long-term dramatization in which individuals draw attention to themselves, crave excitement, overreact, and appear egocentric/vain. |
| Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders | Disorders characterized by exposure to a traumatic/stressful event with psychological distress. Symptoms involve hypervigilance, severe anxiety, flashbacks to traumatic or stressful experiences, insomnia, emotional detachment, and hostility. |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder* | A disorder that may result when one lives through or witnesses an event in which they believe that there is a threat to life of physical integrity and safety an experiences fear, terror, or helplessness. |
| Synesthesia* | A condition in which stimulation of one sense generates a simultaneous sensation in another automatically and uncontrollable. |
| Bulimia Nervosa* | An eating disorder in which one eats an unusually large amount of food within a 2-hour period while feeling a loss of control. They then compensate with behaviors like vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. |
| Anorexia Nervosa* | A serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder defined by persistent energy (food) intake restriction leading to significantly low body weight. |
| Anxiety Disorders | Disorders characterized by excessive fear and/or anxiety with related disturbances to behavior. |
| Social Anxiety Disorder* | A disorder in which one has intense fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations leading to avoidance or extreme distress of social situations. |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder* | A disorder with an excess amount of anxiety in relation to one's life's events. It has symptoms over a multimonth period, and on constant high alert. |
| Panic disorder* | A disorder consisting of unexpected and highly reoccurring panic attacks. |
| Hypochondriasis* | A somatoform disorder characterized by a preoccupation with the fear/belief that one has a serious physical disease based on unrealistic interpretation of bodily symptoms. |
| Specific phobia* | An anxiety disorder characterized by a persistent, excessive or unreasonable fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
| Agoraphobia* | A disorder in which one has an excessive, irrational fear of being in open or unfamiliar places, resulting in avoidance of public situations from which escape might be difficult (ex: crowds, or lines). |
| Social phobia* | An anxiety disorder that is characterized by extreme and persistent social or performance anxiety and causes distress, or prevents participation in social activities. |
| Somatoform Disorders | A group of disorders marked by physical symptoms suggesting a specific medical condition with no biological evidence, but a strong probability that they are linked to psychology. |
| Conversion disorder (FSND)* | A disorder in which stress or trauma is converted into real symptoms (ex: one can go blind with no medical reason, so it is blamed on their stress/trauma). |
| Somatic symptoms* | Physical problems that come from psychological stress (ex: blindness from FSND). |
| Catatonia* | A state of muscular rigidity or other disturbances of motor behavior. Most frequently observed with schizophrenia. |
| Narcolepsy* | A disorder consisting of excessive daytime sleepiness accompanied by a brief sleep "attacks." They may occur whenever, wherever and are dangerous. |
| Somatization disorder* | A somatoform disorder involving a history of multiple physical symptoms over several years, and for which medical attention has been sought but are not due to any physical disorder nor substance use. |
| Dissociative Disorders* | A group of disorders characterized by dissociations from consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior. |
| Dissociative fugue* | A dissociative disorder in which one suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home and is unable to recall some to all of their past. |
| Dissociative identity disorder* | A dissociative disorder characterized by the presence in one person of two+ identities or personality states that each take control of the person. It is believed to be associated with severe trauma. |
| Dissociative amnesia* | A dissociative disorder characterized by failure to recall important info. about one's personal experiences (usually traumatic or stressful). |
| Mood/Affective Disorders | A mental health condition that mainly affects one's emotional state. |
| Major Depressive Disorder* | A disorder characterized by symptoms of depression present for at least 2 weeks. |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder* | A disorder that may have milder symptoms of depression, but lasts for at least 2 years. |
| Bipolar disorder* | Disorders characterized by cycling moods involving "manic" and depressive episodes. Bipolar 1 requires manic episodes. Bipolar 2 requires hypomanic episodes (less severe) and a depressive episode. |
| Developmental Disorders | Disorders that are chronic, early-onset and cause impairment in physical, learning, language, and behavior areas. |
| Autism spectrum disorder* | A group of disorders characterized by persistent deficits in social communication/interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of interests, behaviors, and activities. Behavioral therapy best treats it. |
| Psychotherapy | A psychological service provided by a trained professional that uses forms of communication and interaction to assess, diagnose, and treat dysfunctional emotion ways of thinking, and behavior patterns. |
| Client Centered (Person-Centered) Therapy* | A form of psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client experiences self-discovery and actualization in response to the therapist's consistent empathic understanding and acceptance of the client's frame. |
| Gestalt Therapy | A form of psychotherapy in which the focus is on the client's relationships in the now rather than past experiences and developmental history. |
| Logotherapy | An approach to psychotherapy that focuses on the human struggle. It consists of creativity, attitude, and encourages the client to arrive at their own solution. |
| Systematic Desensitization* | A form of behavior therapy in which a client is trained into relaxation, and then put in various anxiety-provoking situation related to their fear beginning weakest and gradually increasing the anxiety. |
| rTMS (Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)* | A non-invasive psychiatric treatment for depression, OCD, and addictions. It uses magnetic pulses to stimulate brain areas. |
| Token Economy* | A behavior modification system using positive reinforcement as tokens that can later be exchanged for tangible rewards. |
| Aversive Conditioning/Aversive Therapy* | A form of behavioral therapy in which the client is conditioned to eliminate undesirable behaviors/symptoms by associating them with unpleasant experiences (ex: for nail biting, one wears bitter polish). |
| Active (Reflective) Listening* | A psychotherapeutic technique in which the therapist listens to a client closely and asks questions in order to fully understand the content of the message and the depth of the client's emotion. |
| Cognitive orientation | A model focusing on how mental frameworks shape behavior, motivation, and perception. It acts as a personal lens filtering info. and directing action. |
| Humanistic Therapy | A variety of psychotherapeutic approaches that seek to foster personal growth though direct experience and focuses on the development of human potential. |
| Unconditional Positive Regard* | An attitude of caring and acceptance that one express toward an individual regardless of their behavior. (ex: therapist telling a patient they are a good person when they say they want to kill someone). |
| Delusions of Reference | Psychotic symptoms where one believes that unrelated events have direct, personal significance (usually as hostile). |
| Delusional Thinking* | Beliefs one firmly holds that are resistant to contradictory evidence. |
| Light therapy* | Exposure to ultraviolet or infrared light used for treating certain medical conditions, depression, or other disorders. |
| Exposure therapy | A form of behavior therapy involving systematic, repeated confrontation with a feared stimulus, either live or in the imagination. It is effective in treating anxiety disorders. |
| Counter-conditioning* | A procedure used in behavior therapy to eliminate unwanted behavior in people by training them to produce a different response to a stimulus. |
| Oxytocin | The "love hormone(/neurotransmitter)" released from the hypothalamus key in social bonding. |
| Flooding* | A technique used in behavior therapy in which the individual is exposed directly to a maximum-intensity anxiety-producing situation or stimulus (either real or imaginary) without an attempt made to lessen/avoid the fear during exposure. |
| Coping strategies | Actions or thought processes used in meeting a stressful/unpleasant situation or in modifying one's reaction to such situation. |
| Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion* | The theory that cognitive evaluation is involved in every emotion. |
| James-Lange theory of emotion* | The theory that arousal precedes emotion. |
| Nonmalefience* | The ethical principle in therapy that allocates people to not hurt others. |
| Ellis' Rational-Emotive Therapy (REBT)* | Action-oriented behavioral therapy that helps one identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings. |
| Beck's Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)* | Therapy in which therapists help clients identify distressing thoughts and evaluate how realistic they are. |
| Cognitive Therapy* | A form of psychotherapy based on the concept that emotional and behavioral problems are the result of maladaptive ways of thinking. The therapist helps the client in being aware of these distorted thinking patterns and correcting them. |
| Drug Therapy | The treatment of a disorder by the administration of drugs. |
| Biomedical Treatment* | Treatment/therapy for mental disorders that attempts to alter physiological functions. |
| Projective Test* | Personality assessments using ambiguous stimuli (like ink blots) to elicit one's unconscious thoughts, feelings and motivations. |
| Freud Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic therapy* | The complex assumptions and constructs underlying psychoanalysis, referring to Freud and now counterapproaches. |
| Psychoanalysis* | An approach to personality, disorders, and treatment developed by Freud. It includes the assumption that much mental activity is unconscious and understanding that requires interpreting the unconscious behavior. |
| Free Association* | The process in psychoanalysis in which the patient is told to verbalize (without censorship) whatever comes to mind. |
| Dream Analysis | A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is interpreted to reveal underlying motivations/meanings. |
| Resistance | The obstruction, through the client's words/behavior, of the therapist's/analyst's methods of eliciting or interpreting psychic material in therapy. |
| Transference* | A patient's projection onto the analyst of those unconscious feelings in psychoanalysis. Pos: positive, loving feelings. Neg: hostile, or anxious feelings. |
| Antipsychotic/neuroleptics* | A drug used to control the symptoms of schizophrenia. |
| Fluoxetine (Prozac®) | An antidepressant that is the prototype of the SSRIs acting as an inhibitor to the reuptake of serotonin. |
| Antidepressant | A drug administered in the treatment of depression, most by increasing the availability of norepinephrine, serotonin, or dopamine, |
| Chlorpromazine* | An antipsychotic agent effective in managing schizophrenia, mani, and other psychoses. |
| Lithium* | Salt used in psychopharmacotherapy as a mood stabilizer. Used to mellow out bipolar extremes. |
| Psychostimulants | Drugs that heighten wakefulness, alertness, diminish fatigue, and provoke feelings of energy such as amphetamines used for the treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy, and depression. |
| Anti-anxiety | Drug used in the treatment of anxiety, and insomnia. |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) | The act of blocking the reuptake of serotonin into neurons containing it in the CNS. SSRIs are efficient in treating depression, panic disorder, and OCD. |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)* | A controversial treatment in which a seizure in induced by passing controlled electric through the temples. |
| Experiment* | A series of observations conducted under controlled conditions by manipulating an independent variable to measure the dependent variable. |
| Case Study* | An in-depth investigation of a single person/family/event assembling multiple types of data to understand the background, relationships, and behavior. |
| Cross-Sectional Research* | The examination of data collected at a single point in time. |
| Correlational Research* | Type of study in which relationships between variables are simply observed without any control over the setting. |
| Learned helplessness* | A phenomenon in which repeated exposure to uncontrollable stressors results in an individual learning that they lack behavioral control. |
| Social Facilitation* | The improvement of an individual's performance of a task they are good at when others are present |
| Mere-exposure effect* | The preference for a stimulus that has been repeatedly exposed overtime to an individual. |
| Naturalistic Observation* | Data collection in a field setting without manipulating variables by watching participants in their natural environment. |
| Medulla* | Function of autonomic functions for survival (HR, breathing). |
| Occipital Lobe* | The back subdivision of the cerebral hemispheres containing visual areas that process visual stimuli, and is involved in basic and high level visual functions. |
| Hippocampus* | Function of memory and learning into long-term storage. |
| Amygdala* | Structure in the temporal lobe that has autonomic functions as well as plays a role in memory, emotion, threat perception, and fear learning. |
| Display rules* | Socially learned standards of expressing and interprating emotions across cultures. |
| Cognitive Psychology* | A branch of psychology that explores the operation of mental processes related to perceiving, attending, thinking, language, and memory, mainly through inferences from behavior. |
| Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Psychology* | A psychological perspective that focuses on unconscious thoughts/experiences developed during childhood, and conflicts between the id, ego and superego. |
| Humanistic Psychology* | An approach to psychology that is derived from existentialism and focuses on one's capacity to make their own choices, create their own style of life, and actualize themselves. |
| Sociocultural Psychology | A psychological perspective that focuses on maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics. |
| Behavioral Psychology* | An approach to understanding behavior through the assumption that it can be explained by stimuli-response principles. |
| Biological Psychology* | The science that deals with biological basis of behavior, thoughts, and emotions as well as the relations between biological and psychological processes. |
| Placebo Effect* | The response to a substance deriving from the recipient's expectation/beliefs. |
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IloveGarfield:3
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