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USE: Exam 2
Language Development in Children
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Perlocutionary stage | birth ~8 months -Infant responds in a reflexive way to environment -CG acts as if intentional messages sent |
| 2. Illocutionary stage | 8 ~ 12 months -Combine gesture and vocalization to express a range of specific and recognizable communicative functions -intentional, but no words |
| 3Locutionary stage | ~1 year+ -expressive language -intentional communication using true words -many modes/functions of communication expressed |
| 4early intentional communication | diectic gestures and representational gestures signal intent |
| 5diectic gestures | 8-11 months -hand or body movements to show/indicate something; can be pointing, showing, reaching, eye gaze, pushing away, giving object, waving -represents visual connection to spoken words and the subject |
| 6representational gestures | 12 months -hand movements that often resemble the actual movements involved in acting on objects (rotating hands as if driving car) -spoon to mouth representing eating |
| 7Taxonomy of nonlinguistic + single word utterances | precursor to how a child applies communicative intent within the categories (they understand the sound, context, and meaning) -nonlinguistic sounds being categorized sets up for categorizing word meaning |
| 8Halliday's 7 functions of early/basic language | 1. interacting 2. regulatory 3. personal 4. heuristic 5. instrumental 6. imagination 7. informative |
| 9interacting function- Halliday | for maintaining contact (relationships, expressing emotions, strengthen bonds) -greetings, thanks, expressing love, empathy |
| 10regulatory function- Halliday | for controlling behavior (of oneself and others) -giving commands, making requests, persuading, setting rules) |
| 11personal function- Halliday | for expressing personal interests, emotions, and identity -shows favorites and dislikes, talking about self, |
| 12heuristic function- Halliday | for exploring and understanding (categorizing) -asking questions, stating observations, narrating situations |
| 13instrumental function- Halliday | for fulfilling needs and desires -requests/commands for food, comfort, attention |
| 14imagination function- Halliday | for creating and sharing pretend ideas in play -storytelling, role-play, house |
| 15informative function- Halliday | also called representational function, for conveying or requesting information about world -describing facts, events, asking about events |
| 16Dore's Primitive Speech Acts (PSAs) | system for classifying the communicative intentions of young children before sentence acquisition |
| 17what counts as a PSA | an utterance consisting of a single word, also PROSODIC (nonlinguistic) expressions |
| 18categories of PSAs | 1. labeling 2. answering 3. requesting actions 4. requesting answer 5. calling 6. greeting 7. protesting/denying 8. imitating/repeating 9. practicing |
| 19labeling- Dore | identifying objects |
| 20answering- Dore | responding to inquiry |
| 21requesting actions- Dore | directing eye gaze, word production, or prosodic change; waits for repsonse |
| 22requesting answers- Dore | asking for information from cg |
| 23calling- Dore | attempting to gain attention of cg |
| 24greeting- Dore | acknowledging a cg when they enter a room |
| 25protesting/denying- Dore | rejecting an object or action |
| 26imitating/repeating- Dore | reproducing cg's utterance (partial or whole). sometimes repeating self's utterance |
| 27practicing- Dore | producing words with a prosodic pattern without a conversational partner |
| 28presupposition | an assumption that the child makes concerning what the caregiver understands regarding the subject of the conversation ~18 months pre-suppositional skills= child won't repeat label of shared interest |
| 29define conversation | an informal or casual exchange of: -ideas -thoughts -feelings |
| 30define pragmatics | verbal and nonverbal rules of social interaction. commonly related to as social language; social use |
| 31proto-narrative | 2.6-3 years -inaccurate, incomplete description of events. -series of utterances with story telling quality |
| 32Use in Stage 1 | 12-26 months | MLU= 1-2 -basic pragmatics -listens before responding -understands turn taking in conversation (around 1-2 turns) -uses names to gain attention -short attention span |
| 33Use in Stage 2 | 27-30 months | MLU= 2-2.5 -still 1-2 turns in convo, sometimes interrupts -requests and demands (imperative) -answers inquiries -increase in verbal communication -more meaningful sentences -sometimes conversational repair |
| 34Use in Stage 3 | 31-34 months | MLU= 2.5-3 -~2 turns in convo -difficulty with things not present -repeats to maintain convo -conversational repair |
| 35Use in Stage 4 | 35-40 months | MLU= 3-3.75 -understands pauses in conversation -longer topic maintenance -begins to make presuppositions (use of pronouns as referents) -indirect requests/polite requests -narrative development: from chaining/heaps to logical sequence |
| 36perspective taking | ability to understand and consider another person's thoughts, feelings, beliefs, viewpoints, even when they differ from your own |
| 37early presuppositional skills | child assumes there is mutual understanding of context even without an utterance made |
| 38Use in Stage 5 | 41-46 months | MLU= 3.75-4.5+ -more social -anticipates turn taking -completes partner's thought if they're struggling -difficulty with 3-person convos -interrupts -change in use of "please" -grammatical complexity -CAUSALITY in narratives |
| 39heaping | ~24 months -adding depth and detail to story, not structure -more about expansion and elaboration of content |
| 40chaining | ~36 months -creating a sequence, building structure of story, timeline of events. -more about structure and connection |
Created by:
liz gelles
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