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Change Over Time
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Species | a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
| Evolution | the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations |
| Fossil | any preserved remain, trace, or impression of a once-living organism from a past geological age, generally over 10,000 years old. |
| Adaptation | the inherited traits, structures, or behaviors that improve an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction in a specific environment |
| Scientific theory | a well-substantiated, comprehensive explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a vast body of facts, observations, and rigorously tested hypotheses |
| Natural selection | a key mechanism of evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring |
| Competition | academic and entrepreneurial pitch contests in the life sciences sector to academic Olympiads and educational initiatives for students |
| Sexual selection | a form of natural selection where certain individuals out-reproduce others of the same sex due to preferences for specific traits or success in mate competition |
| Coevolution | the process where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution |
| Fossil record | the total collection of discovered fossils—bones, teeth, imprints, and petrified remains—arranged in chronological order within sedimentary rock layers. |
| Embryo | the earliest stage of development for a multicellular organism, beginning at fertilization when a sperm and egg fuse to create a unique, single-celled zygote. |
| Homologous structures | body parts in different species that share a similar underlying anatomical structure and evolutionary origin (common ancestor), but often serve different functions |
| Extinct | the permanent disappearance of a species when its last member dies |
| Vestigial organs | anatomical structures or behaviors in a species that have lost most or all of their original ancestral function through evolution |
| Molecular clock | a scientific technique used to estimate the timing of evolutionary events (lineage splits) by measuring the number of accumulated mutations in DNA or protein sequences |
| Relative dating | a technique used in science to determine the chronological order of fossils, rocks, or archaeological artifacts—identifying which are older or younger—without determining their exact age in years |
| Absolute dating | the scientific process of determining a specific, numerical age in years for rocks, fossils, or archaeological artifacts, rather than just their age relative to other objects |
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