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Metamorphism

Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rock

TermDefinition
Morph means... to change
Metamorphism (changing of the rock) transformation of rocks beneath Earth's surface (without melting)
Protolith (the "before" rock) what the rock was before metamorphism (proto = before, lith = rock)
Protolith to Metamorphic Protolith (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic), changes into a metamorphic rock (same chemical composition, new minerals, new structures) via high temperatures and/or high pressure.
Metamorphism is a product of... - heat - pressure - fluid activity - time and it changes the rock's MINEROLOGY and TEXTURE
Heat can... increase the rate of reactions Heat sources can be: - lava - magma - deep burial
Lithostatic pressure.... caused by weight of overlying rock (EQUAL IN ALL DIRECTIONS)
Differential pressure... pressure acting on a rock in some directions is stranger than it is in others (NON-UNIFORM FIELD OF PRESSURE)
Fluids in sedimentary rocks/coming from magmas can accelerate... (Water or CO) chemical changes and can cause new minerals to form
TYPES of Metamorphism - Contact - Dynamic - Regional - Meteorite Impact
CONTACT Metamorphism - High temp (magmas/lava coming into contact with existing rock creating a "Baked Zone") - Low pressure - Shallow depths Baked Zone = AUREOLE Long timescale = intrusive Short timescale = extrusive
DYNAMIC Metamorphism occurs when rocks are ground and crushed in faults, like at convergent or transform plate boundaries - High pressure - Low temperature - Long timescales Mylonite is fine-grained rock in faults, product of grinding and crushing during fault movements
REGIONAL Metamorphism the most common type of metamorphism and is found at CONVERGENT plate boundaries - Broad range - Long timescales - High temp - High Pressure
METEORITE Impact - ULTRA-high temp - ULTRA-high pressure - Short timescale
Metamorphic Grade the degree of metamorphic change a rock has undergone, usually listed as: - low - intermediate - high
Index Minerals certain minerals form under specific ranges of temperatures and pressures
Texture Foliated (layers or banded) vs. Non- foliated (NO layers or bands)
Slate FOLIATED - fine grained - has slaty cleavage
Phyllite FOLIATED - coarser grained - minerals too small too see without help
Schist FOLIATED - more that 50% platy elongated minerals
Gneiss - segregated bands of light and dark minerals
Order of metamorphism (FOLIATED) 1. Shale (Low grade) 2. Slate 3. Phyllite 4. Schist 5. Gneiss (High grade)
Migmatite - a mixed igneous and metamorphic rock - contains streaks of granite from partial melting
Amphibolite - composed mainly pf amphibole - can be foliated or non-foliated
Marble NON-FOLIATED - metamorphosed limestones and dolostones
Quartzite NON-FOLIATED - metamorphosed quartz sandstones
Greenstone NON-FOLIATED - low grade metamorphic basalts
Anthracite NON-FOLIATED - metamorphic coal
Hornfels NON-FOLIATED - fine-grained contact metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic Zone a belt of rocks showing roughly the same degree of metamorphism
Metamorphic Facies a group of rocks containing a distinctive mineral assemblage formed under similar conditions of temperature and pressure
Diagenesis conversion of sediments to sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rocks are found... - Shields (oldest part of continental crust) - Cores of large mountain ranges
Created by: user1115
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