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Physical Science BM3

TermDefinition
Gravity The force of attraction that exists between all objects with mass. It increases with mass and decreases with distance.
Newton's First Law (Inertia) An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Inertia is the tendency to resist changes in motion.
Newton's Second Law Force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma). If the force on an object increases, its acceleration also increases.
Newton's Third Law For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This explains why pushing on an object (like a boat) causes you to move in the opposite direction.
Kinetic Energy The energy of motion. Particles in a gas have the most kinetic energy, while particles in a solid have the least.
Solid A state of matter where particles are packed closely together in a fixed position. It has a definite shape and volume.
Liquid A state of matter where particles are close but can flow past each other. It takes the shape of its container but has a definite volume.
Gas A state of matter where particles are far apart and move rapidly. It takes both the shape and volume of its container.
Ionic Bond A chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, usually between a metal and a non-metal (e.g., K and I).
Covalent Bond A chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons, typically between non-metals (e.g., in Ozone or Methane).
Law of Conservation of Mass Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction. This is why chemical equations must be balanced (same number of atoms on both sides).
Endothermic Reaction A reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings, often making the environment feel colder (e.g., a cold pack).
Exothermic Reaction A reaction that releases energy (usually heat) into its surroundings (e.g., hand warmers).
Periodic Table: Metals Elements located on the left and center of the periodic table; they are generally shiny and good conductors.
Periodic Table: Non-metals Elements located on the upper right side of the periodic table; they are often poor conductors and can be gases.
Catalyst A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to start.
Activation Energy The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
Law of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The total energy in a closed system remains constant.
Work The transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied over a distance (Work = Force x Distance). It is measured in Joules (J).
Closed System A physical system that does not allow certain types of transfers (like mass) in or out, though energy can sometimes be exchanged.
Energy Transformation The process of changing energy from one form to another, such as an electric lightbulb changing electrical energy into light and heat energy.
Inertia The resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity. Mass is a measure of inertia.
Coefficient The number placed in front of a chemical formula in an equation (e.g., the '2' in 2H2O) used to balance the equation.
Group/Family A vertical column on the periodic table. Elements in the same group often have similar chemical properties.
Unbalanced Force A force that causes a change in the motion of an object (acceleration).
Periodic Motion Motion that repeats itself at regular intervals, such as a swinging pendulum.
Molecules Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
Rare Earth Elements A group of chemically similar metallic elements (Lanthanides and Actinides) often found in the bottom two rows of the periodic table.
Combustion A high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, often producing light and heat.
Joule (J) The SI unit of work or energy.
Created by: user-2034836
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