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Chapter 9 - Exam 3
PSYC 372
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is prosocial behavior? | any action intended to benefit another |
| is it considered prosocial regardless of the motive? | yes even if its internal or external |
| what is pure altrusim? | action needed to benefit another solely for the others benefit |
| what are the goals of prosocial behavior? | improve basic welfare/genetic and material benefits, increase social status and approval, manage self-image and manage moods and emotions |
| what are the two main perspectives on the evolution of help? | inclusive fitness and reciprocal aid |
| what is inclusive fitness? | the odds that ones genes will survive; gene survival of own offspring but also the offspring of relatives |
| what is reciprocal aid? | helping in return for prior help |
| how do twin studies explain helping behavior? | identical twins are more alike in helping behavior than non-identical |
| what are instilled beliefs? | those who most strongly believe that theres positive rewards for helping are those that are most likely to help |
| what is the expanded sense of "we"? | a learned orientation to the world that develops in the home |
| what is the intergroup contact theory (allport 1954)? | more exposure to different others increases positive feelings towards different others |
| what are the positive effects of intergroup contact under 4 conditions? | equal status, common goals, cooperation and institutional/authority support |
| true or false. similirarity and familiarity can signal relatedness? | true |
| what is similarity? | cues genetic relatedness - shortcut to decide who to prioritize for helping |
| what is familiarity? | associated with shared genes |
| what is social responsibility norm? | societal rule that people should help those in need |
| what is the bystander effect? | tendency of individuals to be less likely to help in an emergency if there are other onlookers present |
| how do bystanders affect individuals helping decisions? | as sources of help, as sources of information about helping and as sources of approval or disapproval |
| what is diffusion of responsibility? | spreading personal responsibility for helping among all the group members |
| what is pluralistic ignorance? | people in a group misperceive the beliefs of others because everyone is acting inconsistent with their beliefs |
| what are the individual difference in desire for approval? | people high in desire for approval are more likely to help |
| what is self-enhancement? | enhance self image (ego boost) |
| what is self-verification? | confirmation of self-concept |
| what are personal norms? | internalized beliefs and values |
| what is labeling? | "looking glass self" self-image is greatly influenced by how others see us |
| what is self-focus? | looking in the mirror, filling out a quesitonarrie about yourself. theres a focus on personal values |
| what is the arousal/cost reward model? | desire to reduce one's own distress --> increased chance of helping other. watching another persons suffering activates similar brain activity to experiencing suffering |
| what is strong arousal? | more arousal --> more helping |
| what is "we" connection? | shared identity or similarity --> more helping |
| what is small costs and large rewards? | net positive benefit --> more helping |
| what does the negative state relief model involve? | mood management hypothesis, presence of sadness, cost/benefit, ability of helping act to influence mood and gourmets and gourmands |
| what is mood management hypothesis? | people use helping tactically to manage their moods |
| what is presence of sadness? | particularly helpful in fundraising |
| what is costs/benefit | most painless route |
| what is ability of helping act to influence mood? | sad people engage in prosocial behaviors to improve their moods by deeply depressed individuals wont |
| what is gourmets and gourmands? | sad people - selective in choice of opportunity happy people - eager to help no matter the reward |
| what is perspective taking? | ability to put oneself in anothers position |
| what is empathic concern? | compassionate feelings resulting from taking anothers perspective |
| what are the barriers to doing these prosocial behaviors? | people tend to underestimate the positivity of their prosocial behaviors |
| what is prosocial spending? | spending money on others |
Created by:
anaelc
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