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Chapter 13
Learners with Low-Incidence, Multiple, and Severe Disabilities
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Open head injuries | a penetrating head wound from such causes as a fall, gunshot, assault, vehicular accident, or surgery |
| Closed head injuries | may have brain damage caused by internal compression, stretching, or other shearing motion of neural tissues within the head |
| Motor-speech disorder | loss of ability to understand and formulate language due to brain injury |
| Chronic traumatic encephalopathy | a degenerative brain disease caused by repetitive trauma to the brain |
| Behavior modification | a technique used to change undesirable behaviors and encourage desirable ones through the application of principles from behavioral psychology |
| Behavior management | strategies and techniques used to promote desirable behaviors and reduce undesirable ones, particularly in educational settings |
| CHARGE syndrome | a genetic condition caused by a gene mutation |
| Coloboma | a condition in which the child is born with an abnormally shaped pupil and/or abnormalities of the retina or optic nerve |
| Usher syndrome | an inherited condition that primarily affects hearing and vision |
| retinitis pigmentosa | a hereditary condition that leads to the degeneration of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye |
| night blindness | problems with seeing in low light |
| tunnel vision | narrowing of the field of vision |
| Prenatal | time before birth |
| Rubella | a contagious viral infection that is generally mild in children and adults but can have severe consequences if contracted by a pregnant woman. |
| Congenital cytomegalovirus | the most frequently occurring viral infection in newborns. |
| Postnatal | after birth |
| Meningitis | an infection of the linings of the brain or spinal cord, caused by either bacterial or viral pathogens. |
| Protactile ASL | a language developed by and for the DeafBlind community, relying primarily on touch for communication. |
| Braille | a tactile writing system used by people who are blind or visually impaired |
| touch cues | a form of communication used with individuals who are deaf-blind. They involve using touch to convey information, often |
| Adapted signs | modified versions of traditional sign languages, such as American Sign Language (ASL), designed to be accessible for individuals who are deaf-blind. |
| Orientation and mobility | refer to the ability to understand one's position in relation to other people, objects, and landmarks (orientation) and to move through the environment (mobility). |
| Assistance cards | are small cards used by individuals who are deaf-blind to communicate their need for help to the public. |
| Augmentative and alternative communication | methods used to help individuals with severe disabilities communicate when they cannot rely on speech alone. |
| Functional behavioral assessment | a systematic process used to understand the reasons behind challenging behaviors in students, particularly those with emotional or behavioral disorders, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, and other disabilities |
| Positive behavioral support | a proactive approach used in schools to improve student behavior through positive strategies rather than punishment |
| Self-stimulation | any repetitive, stereotyped behavior that seems to have no immediately apparent purpose other than providing sensory stimulation |
| Self-injurious behavior | actions that individuals perform on themselves that result in physical harm |
| Neonatal intensive care units | specialized hospital units designed to provide intensive medical care to newborns with severe and multiple disabilities |
| Developmentally appropriate practice | educational methods that are tailored to the developmental levels and individual needs of children |
| Sheltered workshop | a structured work environment where individuals with disabilities, including intellectual disabilities, receive training and work on jobs that require relatively low skills |
| Competitive employment | to jobs in regular work settings where individuals with intellectual disabilities work alongside employees without disabilities and earn at least minimum wage. |
| Self-determination | the ability to act autonomously, be self-regulated, act in a psychologically empowered manner, and act in a self-realized manner. |
| Person-centered plans | a consumer-driven approach that focuses on the individual with disabilities, ensuring their preferences, needs, and goals are prioritized in any planning process |
| natural supports | the informal strategies and resources that individuals with intellectual disabilities use to participate in everyday activities. |
| job coach | a professional who provides ongoing assistance to individuals with intellectual disabilities in competitive employment settings |
| daily living skills | a range of activities necessary for personal care, home management, and community participation. |
Created by:
MorganBlakeman