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Chapter 14
Learners with Physical Disabilities and Other Health Impairments
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Congenital anomalies | Defects with which they are born or may acquire disabilities through accident or disease after birth |
| Acute | Illness or condition may be very serious or severe but its resolves either on its own or with treatment |
| Chronic | Condition is ongoing |
| Episodic | Condition occurs repeatedly, although most of the time the individual can function quite normally |
| Progressive | Condition is one that becomes more and more serious or severe over time |
| Traumatic brain injury | Brain damage with an identifiable external cause after birth |
| Cerebral palsy (CP) | A group of lifelong neurological disorders caused by abnormal brain development or damage |
| Quadriplegia | Paralysis affecting all 4 limbs and the torso, caused by cervical spinal cord injury or damage |
| Paraplegia | The partial or complete paralysis of the lower half of the body, including both legs and sometimes the torso, usually caused by spinal cord injury in the thoracic, lumbar or sacral regions |
| Hemiplegia | A severe or total paralysis affecting one side of the body, including the face, arm, and leg, typically resulting from brain or spinal cord injury |
| Spasticity | A condition of abnormal muscle tightness, stiffness, or spasms caused by damage to brain or spinal cord nerve pathways that control movement |
| Choreoathetoid | A neurological condition combining chorea and athetosis |
| Atonic | Brief, sudden losses of muscle tone often lasting less than 15 seconds, frequently causing falls or head nodding |
| Seizure | A sudden, uncontrolled surge of electrical activity in the brain that alters behavior, movements and consciousness |
| Epilepsy | A chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain |
| Adaptive behvaior | The collection of conceptual, social and practical skill learned and performed by people in their daily lives to function independently and meet environmental demands |
| Spina bifida | A neural tube defect where the fetal spine fails to close properly during the first month of pregnancy, resulting in spinal cord damage |
| Neural tube defect | Serious birth defects occurring when the fetal brain or spinal cord fails to close completely in early pregnancy |
| Catheterization | A minimally invasive medical procedure where a thin, flexible tube is inserted into the body to diagnose or treat conditions |
| Muscular dystrophy | A group of over 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles caused by gene mutations that prevent the production of essential muscle proteins |
| Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) | The most common chronic rheumatic disease in children, causing persistent joint pain, swelling, and stiffness lasting over 6 weeks |
| Asthma | A chronic, non-curable condition characterized by airway inflammation |
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | A progressive, inherited genetic disease causing thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive system, and other organs, leading to severe breathing problems, chronic infections, and malnutrition |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | The most advanced stage of HIV infection occurring when the virus severely damages the immune system |
| Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders | A group of preventable, lifelong conditions caused by prenatal alcohol exposure |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | A rare, inherited metabolic disorder where the body cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine, leading to toxic buildup and severe brain damage |
| Neurotoxins | Substances that damage, destroy, or impair the function of the nervous system, including lead, mercury, and chemical agents |
| Prosethesis | An artificial device ranging from limbs to internal implants designed to replace missing or impaired body parts |
| Orthosis | An externally applied device designed to support align, prevent, or deformities, or to improve the function of movable parts of the body |
| Adaptive devices | A type of assistive technology designed to modify existing technology and make it accessible for people with disabilities |
| Individualized family service plan (IFSP) | A legally binding written document mandated by IDEA that outlines tailored early intervention services for children from birth to age 3 with developmental delays |
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