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Chapter 13
Learners with Low-Incidence, Multiple, and Severe Disabilities
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Traumatic brain injury (TBI) | Damage to the brain resulting from an external force, causing temporary or permanent impairment in cognitive, physical, and emotional function |
| Open head injuries | A severe type of traumatic brain injury where an object breaks the skull and enters the brain, or fractured skull pieces pierce the brain tissue |
| Closed head injuries | A non-penetrating brain injury where the skull remains intact, but the brain is damaged from rapid shaking, hitting, or shearing |
| Motor-speech disorder | Neurological impairments affecting the planning, coordination, or strength of muscles used for speech, leading to reduced intelligibility |
| Behavior modification | A therapeutic approach based on operant conditioning that replaces negative behaviors with positive ones using techniques like reinforcement and punishment |
| Behavior management | Involves proactive strategies and systems, such as clear rules, positive reinforcement, and consistent consequences, designed for foster positive behavior and self-regulation in the environments like classrooms and homes |
| CHARGE syndrome | A rare genetic disorder caused by mutations that affects multiple organ systems |
| Coloboma | A congenital eye defect where a gap or notch appears in eye structures due to improper fetal development |
| Usher syndrome | A rare genetic, autosomal recessive conditional causing combined deaf-blindness and sometimes balance issues |
| Retinitis pigmentosa | A group of rare, inherited genetic disorders that cause the retinal cells to slowly break down |
| Night blindness | A symptom of underlying eye issues, characterized by difficulty seeing in dim light or darkness |
| Tunnel vision | Loss of peripheral vison (side) |
| Prenatal | Before the child is born |
| Rubella | A contagious viral infection characterized by a mild, 3-day red rash, low fever, and swollen lymph glands |
| German measles | A contagious viral infection characterized by a mild, fine red rash, low-grade fever, and swollen glands |
| Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) | A common virus passed from a pregnant person to their fetus |
| Postnatal | After a child is born until 6 weeks |
| Protractile ASL (PTASL) | A tactile communication language designed by and for deafblind individuals, relying entirely on touch rather than vison or hearing |
| Braile | A tactile writing system of raised dots that can be read by the fingers |
| Touch cues | Consistent, non-intrusive physical touch patterns used to help individuals with deaf blindness, limited vision, or communication challenges anticipate upcoming actions |
| Adapted signs | Specially designed to make public spaces accessible to individuals with disabilities |
| Orientation mobility (O & M) | A profession focused on teaching individuals with visual impairments to navigate their surroundings safely, confidently and independently |
| Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) | Methods used to supplement or replace speech for individuals with speech or language difficulties |
| Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) | a process for understanding why a student exhibits challenging behaviors that impact their learning |
| Positive behavioral support (PBS) | A research based individualized approach focusing on enhancing quality of life and decreasing challenging behaviors by understanding their root causes and modifying environments |
| Self-stimulation | Repetitive physical movements, sounds, or behaviors that regulate emotions, cope with stress or provide sensory input |
| Self-injurious behavior (SIB) | Involves repetitive acts that cause physical harm to oneself, such as headbanging, biting, or scratching, often seen in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders |
| Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) | Specialized hospital areas providing 24/7 intensive, compassionate care for premature newborns |
| Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) | A research-based teaching philosophy that focuses on children from birth to 8 |
| Sheltered workshop | A segregated environment that provides employment and vocational training to people with disabilities |
| Competitive employment | Full or part-time work in the open labor market where individuals with disabilities earn minimum wage |
| Self-determination | the principle that individuals or people can make their own choices, and control their lives |
| Person-centered plans | Focuses on a person's strengths preferences, and desired outcomes rather than their limitations |
| Natural supports | Non-specialized resources within a school that promote inclusion, independence, and social connection |
| Job coach | A professional who provides personalized, one-on-one support help those with disabilities learn |
| Daily living skills | Bathing, dressing, feeding, toileting |
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