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Chapter 12
Learners with Blindness or Low Vision
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Legally blind | Visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye or a visual field of 20 degrees or less |
| Low vision | A chronic impairment, often caused by age, related macular degeneration, glaucoma, or diabetes |
| Braille | A tactile reading and writing system for the blind and visually impaired |
| Cornea | The transparent, dome-shaped outer layer at the front of the eye |
| Aqueous humor | A clear, water-like fluid that fills the front part of the eye, specifically the anterior and posterior chambers |
| Pupil | The black, circular opening in the center of the iris that regulates light entering the eye |
| Lens | A transparent, typically glass or plastic, optical component with at least one curved surface, designed to refract light to converge or diverge rays for forming images |
| Vitreous humor | A clear, colorless gel filling the space between the lens and retina |
| Retina | A light-sensitive layer of neural tissue at the back of the eye that converts light into electrical signs, which are then sent to the brain via the optic nerve to create visual perception |
| Optic nerve | A bundle of over 1 million nerve fibers that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain's visual cortex, enabling sight |
| Visual acuity | The clarity or sharpness of vision, typically measured by the ability to identify letters or symbols on a chart from a distance |
| Snellen chart | A standardized eye chart used by eye care professionals to measure visual acuity from a distance |
| Functional vision assessment | Evaluates how an individual uses their remaining vision to perform daily tasks across various environments |
| Refraction | The blending of light as it passes from one transparent medium to another, caused by a change in its speed |
| Myopia | A common refractive error where close objects appear clear, but distant objects distant are blurry |
| Hyperopia | A common refractive error where close objects appear blurry while distant objects are clearer |
| Astigmatism | A common, treatable imperfection in the eye's curvature that causes blurred, distorted vision at all distances |
| Glaucoma | A group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, often caused by high fluid pressure, leading to irreversible, permanent vision loss or blindness if untreated |
| Cataracts | Age-related clouding of the eye's lens, causing blurry vision, glare and faded colors |
| Diabetic retinopathy | A serious, often asymptomatic, complication of diabetes caused by high blood sugar damaging retinal blood vessels |
| Cortical visual impairment (CVI) | A leading cause of pediatric visual impairment caused by brain damage rather than eye issues, resulting in difficulties processing visual information |
| Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) | An eye disease occurring in premature infants, where retinal blood vessels develop abnormally |
| Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) | A congenital, non-progressive disorder where the optic nerves are underdeveloped, leading to vision loss ranging from mild to severe or blindness |
| Retinitis pigmentosa | A rare genetic disorder causing the retina's light-sensitive cells to gradually break down, leading to progressive vision loss |
| Night blindness | The inability to see well in dim light or at night |
| Strabismus | Occurs when eyes don't focus together on an object, often due to faulty nerve signals or weak eye muscles |
| Nystagmus | A condition characterized by rapid, involuntary, and uncontrollable eye movements |
| Orientation and mobility (O & M) | A specialized field of instruction for individuals with visual impairments, focused on teaching skills to navigate environments safely, confidently, and independently |
| Cognitive mapping | A mental representation of an individual's physical environment, used to navigate, understand spatial relationships, and recall information |
| Obstacle sense | The ability to detect surrounding objects to prevent collisions |
| Echolocation | A biological sensory capability to navigate and locate objects in low visibility |
| Phonological awareness | The ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of sentences and words, such as syllables, rhymes, and individual sounds |
| Stereotypic behaviors | Repetitive, invariant, and functionless motor acts, postures, or utterances |
| Expanded Core Curriculum (ECC) | A framework of nine specialized kill areas necessary for students with visual impairments |
| Unified English Braille (UEB) | the standardized, international braille code used for English language materials, supporting literary, technical, and computer notation in a single system |
| Large-print books | A specially formatted edition featuring a font size significantly larger than the standard |
| Magnifying devices | Optical magnifiers and electronic video magnifiers |
| Long cane | A mobility tool for blind or visually impaired individuals |
| Tactile maps | Specialized maps featuring raised lines, textures, and braille |
| Braile notetakers | Portable, specialized electronic devices designed for blind or visually impaired users to create, store, and access information |
| NFB-Newsline | Audio news service for individuals who are blind, low-vision, or print-disabled |
| Descriptive Video Service | A narration track for blind or visually impaired viewers that explains key visual elements |
| Screen readers | Software applications that convert visual computer text and images into audio or braile |
| Itinerant teacher service | Provide specialized, onsite education and support to students with disabilities or unique learning needs |
| Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) | To determine students' responsiveness to RTI |
| Accessible pedestrian signals (APSs) | Devices integrated into pedestrian pushbuttons that communicate information about the "walk" and "don't walk" intervals in non-visual formats |
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