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Health/Pos Psych VOC
Health/Positive Psychology VOCAB
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ACEs | Stressful, traumatic or harmful experiences occurring during childhood that negatively affect a child's physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. |
| Social clock | The set of norms at specific ages when specific life events are expected to happen. |
| Ecological systems | Various environmental layers that influence one's development and behavior. |
| General adaptation syndrome (stages) | The process of experiencing stress. 1. Alarm: an alarm reaction when stress is encountered (SNS activation), 2. Resistance: increased energy use, and feeling of anxiety, 3. Exhaustion: body runs out of energy, more prone to sickness, feel burnt-out. |
| Broaden-and-Build theory | The theory that positive emotions expand one's thinking/behavior in the moment and help long term skills. |
| Diathesis-stress model | Theory that mental/physical disorders develop from genetic/biological predisposition for that illness plus stressful conditions. |
| emotion-focused coping | Stress-management strategy in which one focuses on regulating their EMOTIONS to a stressor (rather than taking ACTIONS to change the stressor). |
| coping strategies | Actions or thought processes used in modifying one's reaction or meeting a stressful situation. |
| problem-focused coping strategy | Stress-management strategy in which one CONFRONTS the stressor to decrease/eliminate it. |
| Superordinate goals | Goals that require two or more social groups to cooperate to acheive. |
| Eustress | Stressors that are viewed as motivating (ex: starting a new job) |
| Distress | Stressors that are viewed as debilitating (ex: divorce) |
| Stress | The body's response to internal or external stressors. |
| Anxiety | An emotion of persistent feeling or worry/fear. |
| Rehearsal bias | The distortion of memory/beliefs caused by repeatedly thinking/talking about specific experiences. |
| Framing bias | The bias where individual's opinions change depending on how statements are framed. |
| Split-half reliability | Measure of the internal consistency of surveys, tests, questionnaires, etc. that assess participant responses on particular constructs. |
| Qualitative analysis | The investigation of open-ended material by researchers who describe dominant themes in the data. |
| habituation | Organisms grow accustomed to and exhibit a diminished response to a repeated stimulus. |
| systematic desensitization | A form of behavioral therapy in which counterconditioning is used to reduce anxiety to a stimulus (involving muscle relaxation, and anxiety-provoking situations that are imagination or reality). |
| tend-and-befriend model | A stress regulatory system (alternative to fight-or-flight) involving nurturant activities to protect one's self and others. |
| Self-efficacy | An individual's subjective perception of their capability to perform or give desired results. |
| Gratitude | The internal practice of expressing thanks/appreciation for good things (both physical and praise). |
| Avoidance-avoidance conflict | A situation involving a choice between two unpleasant options. |
| Approach approach conflict | A situation involving a choice between two equally desirable options. |
| Parasympathetic response | The state in which the body is at rest (not facing a threat). |
| Industrial-organizational psychology | A branch of psychology that studies human behavior in the work environment, applying general psychological principles to work-related issues and problems. |
| Experimental psychology | Study of behavior, motives, or cognition in a lab (or other controlled setting) in order to predict, explain or influence behavior. |
| Evolutionary psychology | An approach to psychology that views human cognition and behavior as adaptation to evolving physical/social environments and intellectual challenges. |
| Health psychology | Field of psychology that focuses on the examination of relationships between behavioral, cognitive, social and environmental factors, biological research findings, and the evaluation of psychological status surrounding medical treatment. |
| Biological psychology | The branch of psychology that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts, emotions and relations between biological and psychological processes. |
| Behavioral Psychology | An approach to understanding psychological phenomena focusing on observable aspects of behavior. |
| Social Psychology | The study of how one's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by actual, imagined, or symbolic people. |
| Positive Psychology | A field of psychology that focuses on psychological states, individual traits and social situations that enhance subjective well-being. |
| Convergent thinking | Thinking in which one uses linear, logical steps to analyze a number of already formulated solutions to a problem to determine the most likely correct one. |
| T lymphocytes | Cells which mature in the thymus, responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They are characterized by the cell-surface molecules and are capable of antigen recognition. |
| Social desirability | The extent to which someone/something is considered valuable within a social group. |
| Likert scale | A type of attitude measure consisting of statements reflecting strong positive or negative evaluation of an object (ex: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree). |
| Structured interview | A method for gathering information (in surveys and personnel selection) in which the wordings and oder of administration of questions are determined in advance. |
| Hassles | Frequent small everyday stressors that add on top of each other that contribute to stress. |
| Uplifts | Small everyday events that boost mood and counteract stress. |
| convenience sample | Process for selecting a sample of individuals that is neither random nor systematic, rather by chance or ready availability. |
| Overconfidence | Cognitive bias characterized by an overestimation of one's actual ability to perform a task successfully, believing their performance is better that that of others. |
| Confirmation bias | The tendency to gather evidence that confirms preexisting expectations (usually searching for supporting evidence while ignoring contradictory evidence). |
| Mode | Most frequently occurring score in a set of data. |
| Median | The midpoint in a distribution, or the score that divides it into equal halves. |
| Range | The measure of how far scores deviate from the mean (obtained by subtracting the lowest score from the highest). |
| Standard Deviation | The measure of the variability of scores within a group, indicating how broadly they deviate from the mean. |
| Social Learning | Learning facilitated through social interactions. |
| Locus of Control | The construct used to categorize people's motivational orientations and perceptions of how much control they have over the conditions of their lives. |
| External Locus of Control | The belief that the outcomes of your life are determined by outside forces. |
| Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development | The theory that children progress through four stages of growth by interacting with their environment. |
| dispositional attribution | The attribution of one's or another's actions, an event, or an outcome specific to the person concerned, such as traits, moods, decisions, judgements, abilities, or effort. |
| instinct | An innate fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain stimuli. |
| operational definition | The description of something in terms of the procedures by which it could be meaured/observed. |
| Drive-reduction theory | The theory in which the goal of a motivated behavior is a reduction of a drive state, assuming all motivated behavior arises from a disruption in homeostasis. |
| Hindsight Bias | The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which it could have been foreseen. |
| Validity (of measurements/tests) | The degree to which empirical evidence support the adequacy and appropriateness of conclusions from assessments. |
| Reliability (of measurements/tests) | The trustworthiness or consistency of a measure that is the degree to which a test/measurement is free of random error, giving the same results. |
| Fundamental Attribution error | The tendency to overestimate the degree to which one's behavior is determined by their personal characteristics, attitudes, or beliefs to minimize the influence of the situations on that behavior. |
| Negative Correlation | The relationship between two variables in which one variable increases and the other decreases. |
| Functional fixedness | The tendency to perceive an object in terms of its most common use (ex: cardboard boxes as containers). |
| Mental Set | The temporary readiness to perform certain functions that influence responses to situations or stimuli. |
| Random Assignment | The assignment of participants to different conditions entirely at random so that each has an equal likelihood of being assigned to any condition. |
| Experiment | Research using random participants with manipulative variables for an objective. |
| Naturalistic Observation | Data collection in a field setting without manipulating variables by watching participants in their natural environment. |
| Case Study | An in-depth investigation of a single person/family/event assembling multiple types of data to understand the background, relationships, and behavior. |
| Correlational Study | Type of study in which relationships between variables are simply observed without any control over the setting. |
| Negative Skew | When a distribution has a few extreme scores toward the low end relative to the high end. |
| Positive Skew | When a distribution has a few extreme scores toward the high end relative to the low end. |
| Intrinsic motivation | The internal incentive to engage in an activity. |
| Social Facilitation | The improvement of one's performance of a task occurring from others being present. |
| Foot-in-the-door technique | A procedure for enhancing compliance in which a small initial requested is presented preceding a larger target request. |
| Placebo Effect | The response to a substance deriving from the recipient's expectation/beliefs. |
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IloveGarfield:3
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