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Psych Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Accommodation | The process of modifying existing mental schemas or creating new ones in response to new information or experiences that cannot be integrated into existing knowledge |
| Assimilation | The process of incorporating new information or experiences into existing cognitive structures or schemas |
| Authoritarian parenting | A strict, high-demand, low-responsiveness parenting style that emphasizes obedience and discipline over emotional support |
| Authoritative parenting | A parenting style characterized by a balance of warmth and structure |
| Conservation | The understanding that certain properties of objects, such as quantity, volume, or mass, remain the same even when their appearance or arrangement changes |
| Egocentrism | The cognitive limitation where individuals struggle to differentiate between their own perspective and that of others |
| Hospice | A type of care that focuses on providing comfort and support to individuals who are terminally ill, as well as their families |
| Permissive parenting | A child-rearing style characterized by high responsiveness to a child's needs and desires, combined with low demands and discipline |
| Schema | A cognitive framework or mental structure that organizes knowledge and guides perception, understanding, and behavior |
| Secure attachment | A bond characterized by trust, emotional availability, and comfort with intimacy, allowing individuals to feel safe and supported in their relationships |
| Temperament | A person's or animal's nature, especially as it permanently affects their behavior |
| Teratogen | An agent that induces developmental abnormalities in a fetus |
| Uninvolved parenting | A parenting style involving absence of affection, support, and guidance for children |
| Zygote | The earliest stage of human development where genetic material combines to influence an individual's traits and predispositions |
| Cultural display rule | Are socially learned guidelines that influence how individuals express emotions in different situations |
| Emotion | A complex reaction pattern involving experiential, behavioral, and physiological components that helps an individual respond to personally significant events |
| Extrinsic Motivation | The internal process that initiates, directs, and sustains goal-directed behavior, influenced by both internal needs and external factors |
| Facial feedback hypothesis | A specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables, formulated to guide research and connect theory to empirical evidence |
| Instinct | An innate, species-specific biological drive that compels an organism to act in certain ways, often in response to specific stimuli |
| Intrinsic motivation | The internal process that initiates, directs, and sustains goal-directed behavior, influenced by both internal needs and external factors |
| Yerkes- Dodson law | It states that performance improves with arousal up to an optimal point, after which further arousal decreases performance |
| Archetypes | Universal, inherited ideas or patterns of thought that are present in the collective unconscious of all human beings |
| Defense Mechanisms | Are unconscious psychological strategies used by the ego to protect an individual from anxiety, internal conflict, or unacceptable thoughts and feelings |
| Displacement | Defined as an unconscious defense mechanism where unwanted feelings or impulses are redirected from a threatening target to a less threatening one |
| Locus of control | A concept that describes how much you believe you have power over the events in your life |
| Personality | Refers to the distinctive and relatively stable patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize an individual |
| Projection | a defense mechanism in which an individual unconsciously attributes their own desirable thoughts, feelings, or traits to someone else |
| Projective Test | An examination that uses ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses that may reveal aspects of the subjects personality by projecting their internal attitudes, traits, and behavior patterns these external stimuli |
| Rationalization | A defense mechanism where individuals justify their feelings or behaviors with seemingly logical reasons, rather than acknowledging the true, often more distressing, motivations behind them. |
| Reciprocal determinism | The concept that behavior, personal factors, and the environment all influence each other in a continuous, dynamic loop |
| Regression | A defense mechanism where an individual's ego reverts to an earlier stage of psychosexual development in response to overwhelming external problems or internal conflicts |
| Self-efficacy | An individual's belief in their ability to successfully execute actions required to achieve specific goals or outcomes |
| Sublimation | A mature defense mechanism in which socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable or productive behaviors |
| Altruism | The behavior of helping others at a personal cost, motivated by concern for their welfare rather than self-interest |
| Bystander effect | A social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a person in need when other people are present |
| Cognitive dissonance | The mental discomfort or psychological stress experienced when a person holds conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes, or when their actions contradict these beliefs |
| Confederate | An individual who appears to be a participant in a study but is actually working with the researcher to influence the behavior of real participants |
| Hostile aggression | A type of aggressive behavior that is primarily motivated by the desire to harm or cause pain to others |
| Normative social influence | The tendency to conform to the expectations and behaviors of a group in order to gain social acceptance or avoid disapproval, even if one personally disagrees with those norms |
| Script | A cognitive structure or mental framework that represents a sequence of events, actions, and roles in familiar situations, guiding behavior and expectations |
| Social norm | Shared expectations within a group about how individuals should behave, guiding behavior and maintaining social order |
| Social role | A set of expectations, behaviors, rights and obligations that individuals are expected to fulfill based on their position within a social context |
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