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Audiology quiz 3
quiz 3 aud.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cochlea | transforms mechanical sound vibrations into waves which are converted into electrical signals for the brain (neural impulses) |
| 3 main portions of Cochlea | 1. scala vestibuli (perilymph)- stimulated by stapes 2. scala media OR cochlear duct (endolymph) 3. scala tympani (perilymph) |
| basilar membrane | -between scala MEDIA and TYMPANI -base for organ of corti -stimulated by stimulation of endolymph after perilymph stim |
| organ of corti | -consists of tectorial membrane and stereocilia (HCs) -TM stimulated by basilar membrane displacement -OHCs= more, stimulated by TM -IHCs= stimulated by endolymph displacement |
| spiral ganglion | bundle of nerve fibers connected to the 8th nerve & central aud system |
| traveling wave theory | -'traveling waves' are present along the basilar membrane -the waves have max displacements for high frequencies at the basal end of cochlea -waves have max displacements for low frequencies at the apical end of cochlea |
| tonotopic organization | each portion of the cochlea is designed specifically for a certain frequency -basal end (narrow and stiff)=high frequencies -apex (wide and floppy)= low frequencies |
| retrocochlear | beyond the cochlea, entering the central auditory pathway -tonotopic organization continues |
| Central aud. pathway steps | -(8th)auditory nerve carries sound signals to the cerebellum -to cochlear nucleus (nuclei) -to superior olivary complex -to lateral lemniscus -to inferior colliculus -to medial geniculate nucleus -finally to auditory cortex (in the temporal lobe) |
| pure tone threshold | sensitivity to the softest sound audible (at least 50% of the time) at each test freq (250-8000) -detecting the hearing threshold levels for an individual -subjective/behavioral test |
| sensation level | represents the suprathreshold (the # of dB above the SRT) |
| AIR-BONE gap | a difference of 15 or more dB in AC and BC thresholds |
| bracketing method | -tone is played, patient responds if they hear it -correct response = lower dB level by 10 -incorrect response = higher dB level by 5 |
| audiogram | graph for hearing sensitivity (y axis= intensity | x axis= frequency) -measureing air and bone conduction |
| Air Conduction (AC) | gives us information on the degree of hearing sensitivity/loss (severity) -Assesses the entire Peripheral Auditory System (circle or x) |
| bone conduction (BC) | gives us information on the type of hearing sensitivity/loss -Bypasses outer and middle ear. *Vibrations are directed at the mastoid, allowing assessment of the Cochlea -(< or >) |
| terms for DEGREE of hearing loss (severity) | normal hearing -slight loss (children) -mild hearing loss -moderately severe -severe (70-90) -profound (90 below) |
| 3 TYPES of hearing loss | 1. Conductive 2. Sensorineural 3. Mixed |
| Conductive hearing loss | • AC at 40 dB (hearing loss range) • BC is at 10 dB (normal range) • “Air Bone Gaps” gap between AC and BC thresholds • Typically temporary • outer or middle ear pathology |
| Sensorineural hearing loss | • AC & BC both in hearing loss range • NO “air bone gaps,” between AC and BC (thresholds match up) • Typically permanent (any hearing loss to the cochlea is permanent) • Inner ear pathology |
| Mixed hearing loss | • AC and BC both in hearing loss range • “Air Bone Gaps” between AC and BC thresholds • From lecture: 15 dB gap in thresholds • An audiogram may show both conductive and mixed hearing loss (when one ear’s thresholds are in hearing loss range) |
| formula for defining results of AUDIOGRAM | “Audiologic evaluation revealed a (1. Degree) (2. Type) from (3. Frequencies) in the (4. Ear Tested).” |
| SPEECH UNDERSTANDING testing | 1. Speech Awareness Threshold (SAT) 2. Speech Recognition Threshold (SRT) *** 3. Word Recognition Score (WRS) |
| Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) | lowest(/softest) level at which 50% of words are correctly repeated. ** SRT should be within 10-15dB of the pure tone average of AC -Steps: • Audiologist presents spondee words (recorded/live ) • Bracketing method • dB level being measured |
| speech awareness threshold (SAT) | lowest level at which the presence (or awareness) of speech is identified at least 50% of the time. |
| Word recognition score (WRS) or (SRS) | **Expressed as a % that represents their maximum speech understanding -**Presenting words at 35-40 dB SL above their SRT.||Aud. Terminology: “Performed @ 35-40 SL re:SRT”|| |
| why is masking done | Cross-over: the amount of sound energy (a signal of a certain intensity) that “crosses”/ transfers to the opposite ear… VIA (BC). Both sides of the auditory system are stimulated, preventing us from getting ear specific information |
| WHEN is masking done | if there is a diff in thresholds btwn both ears -used in AC, BC, and Speech testing -- when there is an AIR-BONE GAP (difference of 15dB or more between air and bone conduction thresholds within the same ear) |
| interaural attenuation | How much sound pressure is being lost/attenuated across the skull -Dependent on which transducer being used for AC/BC and the signal presented (pure tone/speech). -BC= 0dB -AC= 40 w headphones, 70 dB with insert ep |
| OAEs = otoacoustic emissions | -targets cochlea, (SPECIFICALLY THE OHC's) -• Measures the sounds (extremely soft, low-level) which are generated by the OHCs after signal tone -SENSORY LOSS |
| AEPs = Auditory evoked potentials | -targets retrocochlear systems -measures ABR -brain waves or electrical potentials/activity generated when individual is stimulated w sound -NEURAL LOSS |
| Auditory Brain Response (ABR) | -electrodes measure neurological activity along each part of the CAP, displayed on a summing computer graph having 7 wavelets -attention to wave 5 at the lateral lemniscus/inferior colliculus |
| what helps estimate the DEGREE of hearing loss | an ABR or AEP test -finding the lowest intensity level where wave V is present and replicable |
| 1-3/100 or 13,000 US births with hearing loss | legal mandate for hearing screenings before hospital discharge -most prevalent developmental abnormality present at birth |
| screenings for newborns - dependent on hospital | • Otoacoustic Emissions • ABR screening • 1000 Hz tympanometry |
| Joing committee on infant hearing (JCIH) | responsible for the EHDI program |
| Early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) programs | provide standards and protocols for early diagnosis and early intervention |
| 1-3-6 month guidelines | 1. screening by 1 month 2. audiologic and medical diagnositics by 3 months -intervention/treatment by 6 month |
| causes for hearing loss at birth | -50% being genetic causes • syndromes • mutations • infections • environmental causes |
| Causes for hearing loss at 4 years of age: | -50% being genetic causes • EVA: Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct (syndrome) • Mutations • Infections • Environmental causes |
| EVA syndrome | enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome: anatomical abnormality causing late onset hearing loss, sometimes progressive 186 at birth, 270 at 4 years |
| UNHS programs | universal newborn hearing screening program -iffy due to screenings targeting hearing loss greater than mild (30-40dB or more) -so mild hearing loss might go undetected |
| Diagnostic audiologic evaluation | comprehensive evaluation completed by an audiologist to determine type, degree, configuration, and appropriate treatment of potential hearing loss -done when hearing screening is failed |
| RECORDING results for a hearing screening | 1. Otoscopy (fail pass) 2. Tympanometry type 3. Pure tone 4. follow up? for what and which ear if failed |
| ASHA on full auditory access | Children must have screening done prior to receiving speech therapy****** -ensuring full access for optimal treatment |
| barriers for SLPs with screenings | • lack of access to services/equipment • lack of education on how to administer (which is in the scope of practice for all SLP) • delay of screening will delay speech treatment |
Created by:
liz gelles
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