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Chapter 11
Learners who are deaf or hard of hearing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Decibels | A logarithmic unit measuring sound intensity relative to a reference level |
| Congenitally deaf | Hearing loss present at birth, affecting approximately 1-3 in 1,000 newborns |
| Adventitiously deaf | Individuals who lose their hearing after birth due to illness, accident, or injury |
| Prelingual deafness | Impairment occurring before the development of speech and language, typically before age two |
| Postlingual deafness | Hearing loss that develops after am individual has acquired speech and language |
| Tympanic membrane (eardrum) | A thin, con-shaped membrane that separates the external ear canal from the middle ear, acting as a crucial interface for hearing |
| Auricle | The visible, cartilaginous outer part of the ear that collects and funnels sound waves into the ear canal |
| Ossicles | The 3 very tiny bones |
| Malleus | Hammer |
| Incus | Anvil |
| Stapes | Stirrup |
| Oval window | Link between the middle and inner ears |
| Vestibular mechanism | Responsible for the sense of balance |
| Cochlea | Contains the necessary parts to convert the mechanical action of the middle ear into an electrical signal in the inner ear that is transmitted to the brain |
| Otoacoustic emissions | Low-level sounds produced by the healthy cochlea either spontaneously or in response to sound |
| Audiologist | A healthcare professional who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and managing hearing loss, balance disorders, and related neural systems for all ages |
| Pure-tone audiometry | Designed to establish the individual's threshold for hearing at a variety of different frequencies |
| Hertz (Hz) | The international system of units for frequency, representing one cycle or event per second |
| Audiometric zero | The baseline representing the average quietest sound a young, healthy adult can hear, used to measure hearing sensitivity |
| Speech audiometry | To test a person's detection and understanding of speech |
| Speech-reception threshold (SRT) | The decibel level at which one can understand speech |
| Conductive hearing impairment | Refers to an interference with the transfer of sound along the conductive pathway of the middle or outer ear |
| Sensorineural hearing impairment | Involves problems in the inner ear |
| Mixed hearing impairment | A combination of Conductive hearing impairment and Sensorineural hearing impairment |
| External otitis | Swimmer's ear or infection in the ear |
| Otitis media | An inflammation of the middle-ear space |
| Connexin-26 gene | Inherited, non-syndromic congenital sensorineural hearing loss |
| Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) | A herpes virus, most frequent nongenetic cause of deafness in infants |
| Sign language | A natural, visual-spatial language with its own grammar, syntax, and vocabulary |
| Vitro fertilization | A procedure that is used to help infertile couples |
| Oralism-manualism debate | A historical and ongoing controversy in deaf education regarding communication methods |
| Total communication | A comprehensive approach for individuals with complex communication needs that uses all available methods, including speech, signs, gestures, facial expressions, and AAC devices to support language development and interaction |
| Simultaneous communication | The practice of speaking and signing at the same time to bridge communication between deaf, hard-of-hearing, and hearing individuals |
| Bicultural-bilingual approach | An educational philosophy for Deaf children that utilizes a sign language as the primary, native language for instruction, while teaching the majority spoken language as a secondary language |
| Auditory-verbal approach | Focuses exclusively on using audition to improve speech and language development |
| Auditory-oral approach | A communication strategy for children with hearing loss that uses residual hearing-amplified by hearing aids or cochlear implants |
| Speechreading | Involves teaching children to use visual information to understand what is being said to them |
| Cued speech | The individual uses handshapes to represent specific sounds while speaking |
| Homophenes | Different sounds that are visually identical when spoken |
| Signing English systems | Manual communication methods designed to represent English grammar, syntax, and vocabulary visually, rather than using the distinct structure of ASL |
| Fingerspelling | The representation of letters of the English alphabet by finger positions, is also used occasionally to spell out certain words |
| Hearing aids | Small. electronic, battery-powered medical devices designed to improve hearing and speech comprehension for people with hearing loss |
| Text telephones (TT) | Telecommunication devices for the dead |
| Video relay service (VRS) | Enables people who are deaf to communicate with people who hear through sign language interpreter serving as an intermediary |
| Transliteration | The process of converting text from one script or alphabet to another based on phonetic similarity, preserving pronunciation rather than meaning |
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