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Chapter 10
Learners with communication disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Communication | The process of sharing information and involves communicative functions |
| Communicative functions | Seeking social interaction, requesting objects, sharing ideas, and rejecting an object or interaction |
| Communication disorder | Impairs the ability to transmit or receive ideas, facts, feelings, and desires |
| Language | Communication of ideas |
| Expressive language | Encoding or sending messages |
| Receptive language | Decoding or understanding messages |
| Speech | The neuromuscular activity of forming and sequencing the sounds of oral language |
| Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) | Refers to methods used to supplement or replace speech for individuals with speech or language impairments |
| Speech disorders | Impairments in the production and use of oral language |
| Language disorders | Includes problems in comprehension and expression |
| Phonology | Refers to the governing speech sound- the particular sounds and how they are sequenced |
| Morphology | Refers to the rules that govern alterations of the internal organization of words, such as adding suffixes and other grammatical inflections to make proper plurals- verb tenses |
| Syntax | Refers to the rules of organizing sentences in a meaningful way |
| Semantics | Refers to the rules about attaching meanings and concepts to words |
| Pragmatics | Refers to the rules about using language for social purposes |
| Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) | Determines how the student performs with and without support |
| Dialects | Systematic language variation that are rule governed |
| Specific language impairment (SLI) | Referred to Development language disorder (DLD) |
| Development language disorder (DLD) | Refers to a neurodevelopmental language disorder that has no identifiable cause; it is unexpected and unexplained by physical or cognitive factors |
| Early expressive language delay (EELD) | Refers to a significant lag in expressive language that the child might not outgrow |
| Learning-based reading impairment | Involves a reading problem based on a language disorder |
| Phonological disorders | Occur in children younger than 9 and don't seem to understand how to differentiate and produce the phonemes or sounds of language to construct intelligible words |
| Phonological awareness | An understanding of the sound structure of language |
| Larynx | Referring to children with special education needs, such as speech or language impairments, the focal point of voice disorders |
| Aphonia | Complete loss of voice |
| Resonance | Vocal quality |
| Cleft palate | Oral cavity |
| Dysfluencies | Hesitations, repetitions, and other interruptions of normal speech flow that are entirely normal parts of learning to use language |
| Stuttering | Include part-word repetitions, sound prolongations, and sound blocks |
| Dysarthria | Controlling speech sounds |
| Apraxia | Planning and coordinating speech |
| Developmental apraxia | A disorder of motor planning that emerges as the child develops speech and language skills |
| Acquired apraxia | Occurs because of a stroke or other type of brain damage after learning speech |
| Decoding | Refers to the ability to transfer the written words into speech |
| Dynamic assessments | An interactive, process-oriented evaluation method based on a "test-teach-retest" model, measuring a student's protentional to learn rather than just their current knowledge |
| Curriculum-based language and communication assessment (CBLA) | Used to monitor students' progress, measures students' speech, language, and communication skills required to learn the school curriculum |
| Prelinguistic communication | Involves utilizing non-verbal skills like eye gaze, gestures, vocalizations, and facial expressions to communicate before or in place of speech |
| Milieu teaching | Behavioral intervention that teaches communication skills to children within their everyday environment and routines |
| Primary language disorder | A common lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that hinders a child's ability to understand and use language, affecting speaking, listening, reading, and writing |
| Secondary language disorder | A communication impairment caused by an underlying condition, such as autism, hearing loss, intellectual disability, or brain injury, rather than existing on its own |
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