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Chapter 9
Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) | Myriad aberrant perceptual, cognitive, linguistic, and social behaviors |
| Neuronal underconnectivity | Reduced functional and anatomical connectivity between distant cortical regions, particularly frontal and posterior areas |
| Frontal lobes | Responsible for a wide array of higher cognitive functions, voluntary movements, and personality traits |
| Occipital lobes | To serve as the brains visual processing center, interpreting information such as eye color shape, motion, and depth from the eyes |
| Environmental Toxins | Lead, mercury, cigarette smoke that affects children |
| Joint attention | A foundational social-cognitive skill where two individuals share focus on an object or event |
| Communicative intent | The purposeful use of gestures, facial expressions, or words to convey a specific message or influence others |
| Mute | A severe anxiety disorder where children cannot speak in specific settings, like school, despite speaking comfortably at home |
| Pragmatics | The branch of linguistics that studies how context, social cues, and speaker intention shape meaning |
| Hidden curriculum | The unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school, such as social norms, behavioral expectations, and cultural perspectives |
| Targets of bullying | Individuals who are shy, anxious have low self-esteem, or fall outside social norms |
| Camouflaging | Strategies used by autistic people to mask or hide social difficulties and suppress traits to appear neurotypical, often as a response to stigma |
| Stereotyped motor | Involuntary, rhythmic, and repetitive movements that are purposeless, predictable in pattern, and often stop with distraction |
| Verbal behaviors | Applies behaviorist principles to language, arguing that speech, writing, and gesturing are learned behaviors shaped by environmental consequences, not just internal mental states |
| Synesthesia | A neurological phenomenon where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second, unrelated sensory or cognitive pathway |
| Executive functioning (EF) | A set of top-down neurocognitive process that manage goal-oriented thought, behavior, and attention |
| Central coherence | The cognitive ability to integrate individual pieces of information into a meaningful whole, focusing on the "big picture" or context |
| Theory of mind (ToM) | Can be delayed, affecting social interactions, empathy and behavioral regulation |
| Direct instruction of skills | An evidence-based, teacher-directed approach that breaks down complex tasks into small manageable steps |
| Applied behavior analysis (ABA) | An evidence-based structure therapy commonly used for autism, focusing on improving social, communication, and learning skills though positive reinforcement |
| Instruction in natural settings | Natural environment teaching that delivers instruction in familiar settings like homes, parks, or schools |
| Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) | A process for understanding why a student exhibits challenging behaviors that impact their learning |
| Positive behavioral interventional and supports (PBIS) | An evidence-based, 3 tiered framework designed to improve school safety, culture and academic outcomes by proactively teaching positive behaviors rather than just punishing negative ones |
| Evidence-based specific practices | Specific research-validated strategies proven to improve student, clinical or patient outcomes though rigorous, high-quality data |
| Evidence-based programs | Interventions, policies, or practices rigorously tested through research and proven effective at achieving specific, measurable outcomes |
| Pivotal response treatment PRT) | A naturalistic, play-based intervention for autism |
| Early intensive behavioral intervention EIBI) | Specialized application for children with autism that involves therapy |
| Person-centered planning | A collaborative, ongoing process that places an individual at the center of decisions about their life, focusing on their strengths, preferences, and dreams rather than their limitations or service systems requirements |
| Community residential facilities | Structured, community-based living environments providing housing, supervision and supports services to individuals |
| Supported living | Individualized support for people with disabilities to live independently in their own homes or community-based settings |
| Competitive employment | Full or part time work in the competitive labor market where individuals with disabilities earn at least minimum wage |
| Supported Competitive employment | A model where individuals with significant disabilities work in integrated community settings |
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