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Genetics

QuestionAnswer
In biology, what is the definition of inheritance? Passing traits from parents to offspring.
What three biological components are passed from parents to offspring during inheritance? Traits, genes, and chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are typically received from each parent in humans? 23 from the mother and 23 from the father.
According to the 'Location Chain,' what is the sequence of structures starting from the cell and ending with a trait? Cell to Nucleus to Chromosome to DNA to Gene to Protein to Trait.
In the Location Chain, which structure is the direct precursor to a protein? A gene.
In the Location Chain, what genetic material is organized into a chromosome? DNA.
Who is known as the 'Father of Genetics'? Gregor Mendel.
What was Gregor Mendel's profession? A monk.
In what year did Gregor Mendel begin his research on plant inheritance? 1854
How many years did Mendel spend studying inheritance in pea plants? 8 years.
What were the two primary reasons Mendel chose pea plants for his experiments? They were easy to breed and had a variety of traits.
Before Mendel's work, what was the common belief regarding how offspring inherited traits? Offspring were believed to inherit a blending of the traits of each parent.
In Mendel's experiments, what are the two possible categories for different traits? Dominant or recessive.
According to Mendel's pea plant experiments, is a tall plant height considered dominant or recessive? Dominant.
According to Mendel's pea plant experiments, is a white flower color considered dominant or recessive? Recessive.
According to Mendel's pea plant experiments, is a yellow pea pod considered dominant or recessive? Dominant.
According to Mendel's pea plant experiments, is a green pea pod considered dominant or recessive? Recessive.
Which Mendelian law states that the two parts of a gene pair separate from each other during the formation of sex cells? Law of Segregation.
Which Mendelian law states that traits are passed from parent to offspring independently of other traits? Law of Independent Assortment.
Under the Law of Segregation, what percentage of sex cells carry each allele from a gene pair? 50% (half carry one allele, half carry the other).
What is the term for the different forms of a gene pair? Alleles.
In a population, which type of trait is the one that shows up more often? The dominant trait.
How are recessive alleles typically represented in genetic notation? With a lowercase letter.
How are dominant alleles typically represented in genetic notation? With an uppercase letter.
Term: Homozygous (Purebred) Definition: An organism that has two of the same alleles for a trait (e.g., HH or hh).
Term: Heterozygous (Hybrid) Definition: An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (e.g., Hh).
Term: Phenotype Definition: The physical expression or observable characteristics of a trait.
Term: Genotype Definition: The genetic makeup or allele combination for a specific trait.
If an organism has the genotype Hh (heterozygous), which trait will be expressed in the phenotype? The dominant trait.
What is the only genotype that will result in the expression of a recessive phenotype? Homozygous recessive (e.g., hh).
What is the primary purpose of a Punnett square? To determine possible offspring genotype and phenotype combinations.
When setting up a Punnett square, where are the male's alleles usually placed? Above each column of boxes.
When setting up a Punnett square, where are the female's alleles usually placed? On the left side, beside each row of boxes.
In a Punnett square box, which allele is always written first? The dominant allele.
In the rat fur color example, what is the phenotype associated with the genotype Aa? Agouti (a mix of brown and black).
In the rat fur color example, what is the phenotype associated with the genotype aa? Black.
If an Agouti male (Aa) mates with a Black female (aa), what percentage of offspring are predicted to be Black? 50%.
If an Agouti male (Aa) mates with a Black female (aa), what is the probability of the Aa genotype in the offspring? 50%.
Practice: Is the genotype Ss considered homozygous or heterozygous? Heterozygous (Hybrid).
Practice: Is the genotype rr considered homozygous or heterozygous? Homozygous (Purebred).
If D represents dimples and d represents no dimples, what is the genotype of a female who is homozygous recessive? dd.
If a male with genotype Dd (dimples) mates with a female with genotype dd (no dimples), what is the probability of a child with dimples? 50%.
If two parents are heterozygous for brown eyes (Bb), what is the probability they will have a child with blue eyes (bb)? 25%.
If a male with genotype ff (attached earlobes) mates with a female with genotype FF (homozygous dominant), what is the probability of a child with attached earlobes? 0%.
What type of inheritance pattern explains a child having wavy hair when the parents have straight and curly hair? Non-Mendelian inheritance (blending).
List four patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance mentioned in the source material. Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance.
In Mendelian genetics, what happens to the recessive trait when two alleles are present in a heterozygous state? The dominant trait covers up the recessive trait.
Everything studied in simple Mendelian genetics applies the principles of _____ and _____ traits. Dominant; recessive.
In the Location Chain, which structure is found between the Nucleus and the DNA? The chromosome.
In the Location Chain, which structure resides between DNA and a protein? A gene.
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