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PATHOPHYS SP26 E3
Lectures 16-21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Type 1 Diabetes age at diagnosis | Young |
| Type 2 Diabetes age at diagnosis | Adulthood |
| Prevalence of diabetes overall? | 10% of the population |
| Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes | 5% of the 10% of the population that has diabetes |
| Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes | 95% of the 10% of the population that has diabetes |
| Onset of Type 1 Diabetes (time line) | abrupt |
| Onset of Type 2 Diabetes (time line) | gradual |
| B cell secretion in Type 1 Diabetes | reduced |
| B cell secretion in Type 2 Diabetes | secreted, but cells are dysfunctional |
| Insulin levels in Type 1 diabetes | Low |
| Insulin levels in Type 2 diabetes | normal or high |
| Type 1 BMI | Low |
| Type 2 BMI | High |
| Obesity is associated with | Type 2 Diabetes |
| Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease? | Type 1 |
| The endocrine system is associated with | growth and development, sex differentiation, and metabolism |
| Hormones function as | chemical messengers |
| How do hormones reach their target? | by travelling through the bloodstream |
| What is the substance present in body fluids at all times and fluctuates in level based on the need | hormones |
| True or false..., a single function can be regulated by several hormones | true |
| If a hormone ends in "RH" or "releasing hormone," it is released from | the Hypothalamus |
| What are the structural categories of hormones? | Amines, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, and fatty acid derivatives |
| If you see Eicosanoids, they are talking about | prostaglandins, or a hormone that is a fatty acid derivative |
| What do cellular receptors do? | modulate the synthesis of enzymes, transport proteins, or act as structural proteins |
| Cell surface receptors require what to function? | 2nd messenger mechanisms inside of the cell |
| Hormones bind to | receptors |
| The endocrine action of a hormone means that | the hormone was released into circulation to act on a target organ |
| The paracrine action of a hormone means that | hormones are acting locally on cells that are not the cells produced on the hormone |
| protein and polypeptide hormones are stored... | in cytoplasmic vesicles until secretion |
| the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells can inhibit the release from the same cells - this is... | negative feedback loop |
| Steroid hormones are released when? | directly upon synthesis |
| What hormones usually circulate attached to transport carriers? | steroid and thyroid hormone |
| What hormones usually circulate as free, unbound molecules? | peptide and protein hormones |
| What are the two factors that affect response of a target cell to a hormone? | number of receptors and affinity of receptors |
| More hormone receptors mean the cell target is | up-regulated |
| Less hormone receptors mean the cell target is | down-regulated |
| What is an example of a hormone receptor's affinity being affected? | the pH of the body affects the affinity of insulin receptors |
| Intracellular reaction speed | because it affects protein synthesis, it is slow |
| what hormones fluctuate with the sleep wake cycle | GH and ACTH |
| What are insulin and ADH regulated by? | feedback mechanisms that monitor glucose and water |
| Many hormones are regulated by the | hypothalamus and the pituitary |
| HPA stands for | Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis |
| What does the hypothalamus do? | coordinates endocrine, behavioral, and autonomic nervous system function |
| What are the two hormones released by the hypothalamus that do not end with "releasing hormone?" | somatostatin and dopamine |
| What if you have a hypofunctioning hypothalamus? | hormones do not get released, tertiary disorder |
| Thyroptrophs are cells that produce | Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH |
| Corticotrophs are cells that produce | adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH |
| Gonadotrophs are cells that produce | luteinizing hormone LH and follicle-stimulating hormone FSH |
| Somatotrophs are cells that produce | growth hormone GH |
| Lactotrophs are cells that produce | prolactin |
| Growth hormone function | body growth and metabolism |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone function | thyroid gland function |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone function | controls glucocorticoid hormone levels |
| Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone function | gonad function |
| Prolactin function | breast growth and milk production |
| What are the categories of endocrine dysfunction | hypofunction and hyperfunction |
| what is the overarching cause of endocrine hypofunction | congenital defects |
| congenital defects cause what in the endocrine system? | blood flow disruption, infection, inflammation, autoimmune responses, or neoplastic growth |
| hypofunctioning endocrine system causes a decline in function with | aging |
| hypofunctioning endocrine system causes atrophy as a result of | drug therapy or unknown reasons |
| hypofunctioning endocrine system causes what to happen to receptors? | defects |
| what is the cause of endocrine hyperfunction | excessive stimulation and hyperplasia of the endocrine gland |
| what is hyperplasia | a condition where normal cells start to divide rapidly |
| A hormone producing tumor would have what endocrine effect? | hyperfunction |
| why does the category of an endocrine disorder matter? | it affects how a disorder is treated |
| Describe a primary endocrine disorder | the gland that produces a hormone has a problem |
| Describe a secondary endocrine disorder | there are defective levels of stimulating hormones and or pituitary dysfunction |
| Describe a tertiary endocrine disorder | results from hypothalamic dysfunction where both the pituitary gland and the target organ are under/overstimulated |
| How can we test for the level of endocrine disorder? | get blood plasma/serum levels of certain hormones |
| what is Sheehan syndrome | excessive blood loss during child birth |
| Tumors and mass lesions can cause | Hypopituitarism |
| Pituitary surgery or radiation can cause | Hypopituitarism |
| Hypopituitarism onset is | gradual |
| Hypopituitarism symptoms include | being chronically unfit, weak, fatigued, loss of appetite, cold intolerance, and impaired sexual function |
| The categories of pituitary tumors are | primary, secondary, functional and nonfunctional |
| Nonfunctional pituitary tumors | do not secrete hormones |
| Functional pituitary tumors | secrete pituitary hormones |
| Secondary pituitary tumors are categorized by | metastatic lesions |
| What is the most common pituitary adenoma? | Prolactinoma |
| Prolactinoma is a mutation of what cells relating to what hormone? | Lactotrope cells, hormone prolactin |
| Prolactinomas are | benign |
| Prolactinoma cause | excess prolactin production which causes breast discharge, irregular periods, ED, and fatigue |
| Prolactinomas can press on something that causes headaches.... what is it? | the optic nerve |
| Growth hormone is produced by | somatotropes |
| growth hormone is necessary for | linear bone growth in children |
| growth hormone stimulates cells to | increase in size and divide rapidly |
| growth hormone enhances the transfer of this into cells | Amino Acids |
| Growth hormone increases the metabolism of | fatty acids |
| growth hormone decreases the metabolism of | carbohydrates |
| growth hormone deficiency | decreased linear bone growth, short stature and dwarfism |
| growth hormone excess | increased linear bone growth, gigantism |
| Types of short stature | genetic and constitutional |
| Forms of tall stature other than constitutional and gfenetic | Marfan syndrome and endocrine disorder related |
| what is the most common cause of acromegaly | somatotrope adenoma |
| acromegaly can be caused by non somatotrope adenomas... how? | excess GHRH by hypothalamic tumors and the secretion of GH by nonendocrine tumors |
| What does growth hormone excess cause in adults | enlargement of heart, metabolic disturbances, and impaired glucose tolerance |
| A man presents with headaches and the feeling that his hands have grown larger... what should he be checked for? | a pituitary tumor |
| what are the possible local effects of a pituitary tumor? | headaches and vision effects due to pressing on the optic nerve |
| the doctor asks a man with a hormone issue if he has had changes in weight gain, polyuria, and erectile dysfunction. Why? | To determine the location and the grading of the disorder... primary, secondary, tertiary |
| What are the major functions of the thyroid hormone? | to increase metabolism and protein synthesis, and to influence growth and development in children mentally and sexually |
| what is the processing of thyroglobulin called? | iodination |
| what is combined with thyroglobulin to form MIT? | Iodine |
| MIT + MIT = | DIT |
| DIT + DIT = | T4 |
| DIT + MIT = | T3 |
| what is the most potent form of Thyroglobulin? | when it is processed to T3 |
| What carries approx. 70% of T4 and T3? | Thyroid hormone binding globulin TBG |
| The major function of T3 | to increase metabolism (GI), protein synthesis, and growth and development |
| Too much T3 has what neuromuscular effect? | Tremors |
| Higher thyroid hormone, more _____, Lower thyroid hormone, less ______ | muscle |
| The thyroid hormone causes increased | increased metabolic rate, cardiac output, heartrate, GI motility. |
| The thyroid hormone is necessary for | proper brain development |
| The thyroid hormone levels have major effects on | muscle tone and function |
| How are thyroid disorders diagnosed? | by measuring T3, T4 and TSH as well as a direct thyroid scan, or a Radioiodine uptake test |
| Thyroid disorder that causes increased use of metabolic fuels | Hyperthyroidism |
| Hyperthyroidism symptoms | Increased metabolic rate, lid lag, decreased cholesterol, anxiety, tachycardia, diarrhea, increased appetite, |
| A common cause of hyperthyroidism is the autoimmune disease... | Grave's disease |
| Thyroid disorder that causes bugged out eyes | Hyperthyroidism |
| Thyroid disorder that causes decreased metabolic rate | Hypothyroidism |
| Thyroid disorder that causes high serum cholesterol | Hypothyroidism |
| Thyroid disorder that causes SNS responsiveness | Hyperthyroidism |
| Thyroid disorder that causes sluggishness mentally and physically | Hypothyroidism |
| Thyroid disorder that causes increased metabolic rate and O2 use | Hyperthyroidism |
| Thyroid disorder that causes somnolence | Hypothyroidism |
| Thyroid disorder that causes decreased appetite | Hypothyroidism |
| Thyroid disorder that causes increased appetite | Hyperthyroidism |
| Weight loss... hyper or hypothyroidism? | hyper |
| Heat intolerance... hyper or hypothyroidism? | hyper |
| Cold intolerance... hyper or hypothyroidism? | hypo |
| A goiter is usually indicative of | Grave's disease |
| What is the pathology of Grave's disease? | Thyroid stimulating antibodies TSI act as thyroid stimulating hormone and bind to receptors inducing more thyroid hormone release |
| Grave's disease won't put you in the grave, but this other thyroid disorder will | Thyroid storm |
| Thyroid storm is usually brought on by | thyroid surgery inflammation response or acute illnesses |
| How does thyroid storm kill? | Extreme cardiovascular effects such as tachycardia, angina, and heart failure. It also has severe CNS effects |
| Thyroid storm is more or less thyroid hormone | more obviously |
| Why is infantile hypothyroidism called cretinism? | because it is a common cause of cognitive defect |
| Autoimmune hypothyroidism is called | Hashimoto thyroiditis |
| True or false? Someone with Hyperthyroidism is sleeping like a baby every night. | False |
| What is a Myxedema coma? | the end stage of hypothyroidism |
| Myxedema coma causes these severe metabolic disorders | Hyponatremia and Hypoglycemia |
| Myxedema coma symptoms | coma, hypothermia, cardiovascular collapse, hypoventilation (slow breathing) and metabolic disorder |
| Why would someone with Hashimoto's have a decreased respiratory rate? | decreased metabolism from lower thyroid hormone and cardiovascular collapse |
| What leaves people with Hashimoto's the most susceptible to Myxedema coma | being elderly which means they ahve had the condition for a while, being outside in the cold, bradycardia and hypoventilation |
| bradycardia and hypoventilation causes | low blood oxygen |
| What are some possible local effects of a large pituitary tumor? | headaches, vision effects due to pressing on the optic nerve |
| What are some steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex? | Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Sex hormones |
| What do mineralcorticoids do? | Water balance, function in Na+ and K+ |
| What do glucocorticoids do? | regulate metabolic functions, controls the inflammatory response, and is essential for survival in stress situations |
| What do sex hormones released from the adrenal cortex do? | serve as a source of androgen for women |
| Adrenal hormones are synthesized from | cholesterol |
| What if aldosterone levels are too high? | hypotension, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, |
| What if aldosterone too low? | hyper tension, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, metabolic alkalosis |
| Cortisol regulation happens where? | The pituitary gland |
| Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis, true or false? | True |
| Cortisol increases the breakdown of proteins, true or false? | True |
| Cortisol is inflammatory, true or false? | False!!!! |
| Cortisol decreases the metabolism of fatty acids, true or false? | False, it increases it |
| Cortisol leads to fatty acids being used more/less frequently? | more |
| Clinically, adrenal insufficiency can lead to | anorexia/weight loss, fatigue, weakness, gastrointestinal symptoms, myalgia, abdominal pain, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia |
| What is a genetic issue that relates to Increased ACTH levels? | Congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
| If you have congenital adrenal hyperplasia, you have what genital physiology? | ambiguous |
| What is deficient when you have Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | 21 hydroxylase which leads to decreased salt, and rarely, the 11 beta hydroxylase enzyme |
| Secondary Adrenal cortical insufficiency can occur due to | hypopituitarism |
| Primary adrenal cortical insufficiency can occur due to | elevated ACTH levels because they lack feedback inhibition |
| What is a rare disease that destroys the adrenal cotrex? | Addison's disease |
| What type of disorder is Addison's disease? | autoimmune metabolic disorder |
| What was one trait that JFK had that was iconic, but was related to Addison's? | his bronze skin |
| Addison's disease is treated by | lifetime hormone replacement therapy |
| Addison's disease is when the adrenal glands... | do not produce sufficient steroid hormones |
| Cushing's syndrome is characterized by high | cortisol |
| What are the three major causes of cushing's syndrome? | Pituitary, adrenal, and ectopic |
| Pitiuitary cushings is caused by | excessive ACTH production by a pituitary tumor |
| Adrenal cushings is caused by | a benign or malignant adrenal tumor |
| Ectopic cushings is caused by | a nonpituitary ACTH secreting tumor |
| Glucocorticoid hormone excess PHYSICAL characteristics | Altered fat metabolism, Buffalo hump back, Moon Face, and Hirsutism (facial hair growth in women) |
| Glucocorticoid hormone excess CLINICAL symptoms | Purple striate, osteoporosis, hypokalemia or decreased K+, glucose metabolism effects, gastric acid secretion, acne, and menstrual irregularities |
| supine = | standing |
| If Addison's disease were primary, it would be an issue with ____________ ________, and why? | the adrenal gland because cortisol is low and ACTH is high |
| secondary adrenal issues happen at the | secondary site |
| During fasting, 75% of glucose metabolism occurs in these places independent of insulin | The brain, liver, and GI tract, |
| The remaining 25% of insulin metabolism occurs in these places, and does not require insulin | Muscle, and a small percent in the adipose tissue |
| What does insulin do? | Decreases glucose levels in the blood |
| the hormone Amylin is secreted alongside | insulin |
| What does Glucagon do? | Increases blood glucose levels |
| Where is the major effect of Glucagon mediated glucose increase exerted | the liver |
| True or false, insulin is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose? | true unfortunately |
| The three mor actions of Insulin are | promoting glucose uptake by target cells, preventing fat and glycogen breakdown, and the inhibition of gluconeogenesis |
| What are some important biomarkers for insulin level dysfunction | C-peptide and HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) |
| What do Acini cells do in the pancreas? | they secrete digestive juices into the duodenum |
| What do Islets of Langerhans do in the pancreas? | they secrete hormones into the blood |
| Islets of langerhans are made of | beta cells that secrete insulin, alpha cells that secrete glucagon, and delta cells that secrete somatostatin |
| Where do GLP1's interact? | on Incretin receptors in the pancreas |
| Insulin is released into the bloodstream via the | portal vein |
| The half life of insulin is | 3-5 minutes |
| The net effect of insulin secretion is | glycogen synthesis, protein synthesis, lipogenesis, regulation of insulin responsive genes |
| To maintain glucose homeostasis, the body must balance | hepatic glucose production and glucose uptake and use |
| When insulin is dysfunctional, this causes | diabetes mellitus |
| What % of the U.S. population has diabetes? | 10% |
| 10% of that 10% has | Type 1 Diabetes |
| 90% of that 10% has | Type 2 Diabetes |
| How can insulin be innefective? | it can be deficient, release can be inhibited by the pancreatic beta cells, receptors for insulin can be ineffective, or the degradation of insulin before it acts |
| Type 1 diabetes insulin | not enough is made |
| Type 2 diabetes insulin | body is able to make insulin, but it is unable to use it |
| C-peptide biomarker would be highest with which diabetes type? | 2 because high glucose |
| Immune mediated diabetes or juvenile diabetes results in what stature | very thin |
| Type 1 could possibly be caused by | genetic predisposition and or immunologically mediated beta cell destruction |
| Type 2 is caused by | hyperglycemia with an insulin deficiency |
| Type 2 patients are often seen as | older, overweight people |
| Impairment of beta cell function can be related to these factors | family history and metabolic abnormalities |
| what metabolic abnormalities cause impairment of beta cell function? | insulin resistance, deranged secretion of insulin, increased glucose production |
| Why are people with type 2 overweight? | because adipose cells excrete insulin |
| Too much insulin release = | insulin resistance |
| Increased hepatic glucose output = | Hyperglycemia, then type 2 diabetes |
| Causes of beta cell dysfunction | decrease in number of beta cells and decreased response to insulin due to the body having so much glucose all the time |
| cell decreases can occur via | increased apoptosis or decreased regeneration |
| Gestational diabetes is defined as | any degree of glucose intolerance during pregnancy |
| Gestational diabetes is more likely in women who | hve a family history of diabetes, a history of spontaneous abortion/stillbirth, previous fetal abnormalities, obesity, ADVANCED MATERNAL AGE |
| Too much free fatty acids can be toxic true or false? | true |
| Increased fatty acid storage leads to | too much fatty acid, dysregulation of adipokines and leptin** and increased inflammatory cytokines |
| leptin is a hormone that regulates | hunger and energy levels, think about the FAT LEPTIN KNOCKOUT RAT! |
| What are the three polys of diabetes | Polydipsia- increased thirst, Polyuria- increased urination, Polyphagia- increased appetite |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis happens in which type? | 1 |
| Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (dehydration and high glucose) occurs in which type? | 2 |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis leads to | Increased breakdown of fatty acids, ketone production (too much, toxic) |
| Three major metabolic issues of diabetic ketoacidosis are | hyperglycemia, ketosis, metabolic acidosis |
| Complications of diabetes are mostly | vascular |
| Macrovascular complications of diabetes can lead to severe | cardiac effects |
| Microvascular complications of diabetes can lead to (hint, long complicated pathy's) | retinopathies, nephropathies, neuropathies, distal symmetric neuropathy and foot ulcers |
| Microvascular diabetes complication affects these areas in the body (simple) | eyeballs, kidneys, brain, nerves, feet |
| The enzyme HK2 (hexokinase 2) does what? | metabolizes glucose in endothelial cells |
| How is Hexokinase 2 involved in vascular damage in diabetes? | when glucose is increased, HK2 has to work harder to metabolize it which produces methylglyoxal which causes vascular damage |
| How does diabetes cause blindness? | damage to the blood vessels of the retina |
| Nephropathies are measures by what level? | albumin levels in urine |
| True or false, nephropathies occur in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes? | True |
| People with diabetic neuropathies feel what types of pain? | burning, tingling, electrical pain |
| diabetic neuropathies can manifest in | sensory, autonomic, and focal/multifocal systems |
| Why do people with diabetes often get foot amputations? | Due to diabetic ulcers as a result of neuropathy, they cannot feel their feet and they are more prone to injuries that they are unaware of |
| Diabetes is a huge risk factor for the following life threatening conditions | coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease |
| Diabetes increases plaque formation which is common in | Artherosclerosis |
| Cardiovascular disease mortality rate is lower in people with type 1 diabetes, true or false? | false, it is actually a higher mortality rate for type 1! |
| most people with diabetes pass away due to a | maculovascular issue |
| Orexia | hunger |
| Anorexia | no hunger |
| nonspecific symptoms of GI disorders | anorexia, nausea, vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding |
| The swallowing mechanism depends on | the coordinated action of the tongue on the pharynx |
| What is dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| What is odynophagia | painful swallowing |
| The symptom, melena, can often be occult. What does that mean? | Hidden, you cannot see it, you must be tested |
| What is Hematemesis? | blood in vomit, may be bright red or have a coffee ground like appearance |
| What is Melena? | blood in the stool, may be bright red, or black |
| What is Esophageal Diverticulum | Herniation caused by weakness |
| Esophageal Diverticulum symptoms | food stops before it reaches the stomach, gurgling, belching, coughing, bad breath |
| GERD is classified as a disease when | it persists for more than 2 weeks |
| epigastric pain that radiates to throat, shoulder, and back is part of | GERD |
| How is GERD classified on an endoscopy? | damage to the mucosa |
| Why does GERD need to be treated ASAP? | So that it does not lead to esophageal cancer |
| What is the overall goal if you have GERD? | to reduce the juice |
| What should you do if YOU have GERD? | avoid large meals, don't drink, don't smoke, eat meals sitting up, sleep with head elevated, lose weight |
| What is the layer of the stomach that turns over and constantly makes new cells? | Epithelial |
| What is the purpose of the epithelial layer of the stomach? | It prevents acid from getting to the other layers |
| What is Gastritis? | Inflammation of the gastric mucosa |
| What is chronic gastritis characterized by? | Grossly visible erosions and the presence of inflammatory changes |
| Chronic gastritis can eventually lead to | atrophy of the glandular epithelium of the stomach |
| What bacteria is a major cause of chronic gastritis? | Helicobacter Pylori |
| H. Pylori colonizes what? | the mucus-secreting cells of the stomach which creates an immune response |
| What is an Ulcer? | A break in the bodily membrane that impedes an organ from normal function |
| Where can ulcers occur and why? | They occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract due to acid-pepsin secretions |
| What is a specific symptom of an ulcer | pain, especially when the stomach is empty |
| What are some causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease? | H. Pylori, Aspirin, Age, Warfarin, Smoking |
| What are some complications of peptic ulcers | hemorrhage of an ulcer into arteries or veins, obstruction/blockages, perforation of the stomach layers |
| What causes stress ulcers? | a burn on the body or a head injury |
| Why do physical ailments lead to stress ulcers? | likely because of decreased blood flow to the stomach |
| H. pylori weirdly has a correlation with this type of cancer... | Gastric |
| Gastric Cancer risk factor diet | smoked and preserved foods |
| What does nosocomial? | Hospital acquired illness |
| c. diff is a bacterial infection that is often acquired _______ and caused by _________ ______ | nosocomially, caused by antibiotic therapy |
| True or false, c. difficile isn't that contagious | FALSE FALSE FALSE |
| What constitutes an IBS diagnosis? | Chronic/recurrent intestinal issues with no structural findings on colonoscopy |
| What are some symptoms of IBS? | flatulence, bloating, nausea, anorexia, anxiety, depression |
| Syndrome basically means | we don't know shit! |
| What are the two major types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease? | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis |
| IBS and IBD are similar in these ways | inflammatory, lack a cause, familial pattern, manifests systematically (issues all over the body) |
| Categories of Jaundice | Prehepatic, Intrahepatic, Posthepatic |
| Prehepatic Jaundice | Excessive hemolysis of red blood cells |
| Intrahepatic Jaundice | Bilirubin cannot leave the liver or be conjugated to be removed in the bile |
| Posthepatic Jaundice | When bile flow is obstructed after it leaves the liver |
| Hep A | RNA, Fecal Oral |
| Hep B | DNA, Blood Serum |
| Hep C | RNA, Blood serum |
| Hep D | RNA, Blood serum |
| Hep E | RNA, Fecal Oral |
| Which hepatitis is the most dangerous for a pregnant woman? | E |
| Cirrhosis is cause by | Alcohol, Chronic Viral Hepatitis |
| Signs of Liver Failure | Weight loss Weakness Anorexia Spider Veins, or medusa vein Ascites - fluid in abdomen that needs to be drained Jaundice Abdominal Pain Diarrhea or constipation |
| What is Cholelithiasis | gallstones |
| what are Cholelithiasis made of | cholesterol |
| Cholelithiasis risk factors | Fat, Female, Fertile, Fifty |
| Pancreatitis that is reversible | acute |
| Pancreatitis that is not reversible | chronic |
| Acute Pancreatitis caused by | gallstones, alcohol. hyperlipidemia, |
| Chronic Pancreatitis caused by | alcohol damage |
| Chronic Pancreatitis differs significantly from acute because of this one symptom | chronic epigastric pain that radiates to the back |
| Saturated bonds | no double, therefore bad |
| Unsaturated fats are | good because they have double bonds |
| Why does our body store fat in adipose tissue? | so that our brain heart and lungs can function while we sleep |
| Which fat is most of your body weight | white fat |
| Which fat is good fat | brown fat |
| Which fat is located centrally and it is where diet induced thermogenesis takes place? | brown fat |
| If Ghrelin is increased I am | hungry |
| If Ghrelin is decreased I am | Not hungry |
| If leptin is increased I am | not hungry |
| If leptin is decreased I am | hungry |
| GLP-1 increase, I am | not hungry |
| GLP-1 decrease, I am | hungry |
| What meds cause obesity | Beta blockers, anti depressants, anti epileptic drugs, anti psychotics |
| What are the two main causes of obesity that cannot be controlled | genetics and medications |
| What maintains blood glucose during periods of fasting | glucagon |
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