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Motivate/Emotion/Per
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Instincts | Innate fixed patterns of behavior in animals that are triggered by specific stimuli, driving them to act predictable ways |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | Behavior is motivated by the need to reduce internal drives caused by physiological deficits, such as hunger or thirst, aiming to restore homeostasis |
| Ghrelin | "Growing stomach", hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite |
| Leptin | "Last bite", hormone produced by fat cells that helps us regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger |
| Belongingness | The innate human desire to form and sustain close, meaningful relationships, which significantly drives behavior and affects emotional health |
| Arousal Theory | Individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness, seeking to increase alertness when it is too low and decreases when it it too high |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | Performance increases with physiological or mental arousal (alertness), but only up to a point; when levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases |
| Sensation-Seeking Theory | Proposes that one's motivation is driven by the need for varied, novel + intense experiences |
| Disinhibition | Refers to the tendency to seek out social and experimental thrills by engaging in behaviors that are typically restrained by social norms and inhibitions |
| Boredom Suspectibility | Refers to an individual's intolerance for repetitive or monotonous experiences, leading them to seek out new and stimulating activities |
| Incentive Theory | Behavior is motivated by the desire for external rewards or incentives, which can include money, praise, or other tangible benefits |
| Self-Determination Theory | Proposes that people are motivated by intrinsic (internal) motivations or extrinsic (external motivations). |
| Intrinsic motivations | Personal growth and fulfillment |
| Extrinsic motivations | Rewards and recognition |
| Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory | Describes the psychological struggles individuals face when making decisions |
| Approach | Motive to move towards a goal because it's desirable |
| Avoidance | Motive to move away from a goal because it's undesirable |
| Approach-Approach Conflicts | Occur when an individual must choose between two desirable options, leading to a conflict of which positive outcome to pursue |
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts | Occur when an individual must choose between two undesirable options |
| Approach-Avoidance Conflicts | Occur when an individual is drawn to and repelled by the same option, desires positive outcome and fears negative consequence |
| Elicitors | Stimuli or events that trigger an emotional response in an individual. May regulate how people from different genders, ages, or socioeconomic classes within a culture can display and interpret emotions |
| Arousal Comes Before Emotion/ James-Large Theory | Suggests that emotions follow bodily arousal; we feel sad because we cry |
| Facial-Feedback Hypothesis | Suggests that facial expressions can influence emotions, meaning that smiling can make you happy |
| Arousal and Emotion Occur Simultaneously/ Cannon-Bard Theory | Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously (stimulus causes both bodily arousal and emotional experience at the same time. |
| Arousal + Cognitive Label = Emotion/ Schachler-Singer Theory | Our interpretation of arousal determines the specific emotion we experience |
| Broaden-and-Build Theory of Emotion | Positive emotions help us think more openly and try new things, making us stronger |
| Universal Emotions | Idea that certain emotional expressions are recognized and experienced similarly |
| Display Rules | Cultural norms that dictate how, when, and where individuals should express emotions |
| Psychodynamic Theory | Suggests that personality is shaped by unconscious forces, internal conflicts, and defense emphasizing the influence of childhood experiences and unconscious drives |
| Preconscious Mind | Contains thoughts and feelings that are not currently in conscious awareness but can be easily accused when needed |
| Unconscious Mind | Consists of processes and memories that are beyond conscious awareness and significantly influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
| Projective Tests | Tools used by psychodynamic personality psychologists to access personality by eliciting responses that reveal the contents of the preconscious and unconscious mind (inkblot tests) |
| Ego Defense Mechanism | Unconscious strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and perceived threats |
| Denial | An ego defense mechanism where an individual unconsciously refuses to acknowledge reality or facts, thereby protecting themselves from uncomfortable truths |
| Displacement | An ego defense mechanism where emotional impulses are redirected from the original source to a safer or more acceptable substitute target |
| Projection | An ego defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or motives to someone else, thus deflecting self-criticism |
| Rationalization | An ego defense mechanism where individuals justify and explain their behaviors of feelings in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid confronting the true underlying reasons |
| Reaction Formation | An ego defense mechanism where individuals suppress unacceptable impulses by unconsciously displaying the opposite behavior or emotion |
| Repression | An ego defense mechanism where distressing thoughts and feelings are unconsciously blocked from entering conscious awareness |
| Regression | An ego defense mechanism where individuals revert to earlier stages of development and childlike behaviors when faced with stress or emotional conflict |
| Sublimation | An ego defense mechanism where negative urges and impulses are channeled into socially acceptable or constructive activities |
| Rorschach Inkblot Test | Used to analyze a person's personality structure and identify emotional disturbances |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | Designed to uncover a person's social drives or needs by interpreting the stories they make up |
| Humanistic Psychology | Emphasizes the study of the whole person and the uniqueness of each individual, particularly focusing on self-growth and unconditional positive regard as essential for achieving personal potential |
| Unconditioned Regard | An individual is accepted and loved as they are, without any conditions or judgments, fostering personal growth and self-acceptance |
| Self-Actualizing Tedency | Refers to the innate drive in every individual to grow, develop, and realize their fullest potential |
| Social-Cognitive Theory | Theory that emphasizes the influence of cognitive processes, behaviors, and context in understanding personality and human actions |
| Reciprocal Determinism | Concept in social-cognitive theory proposing that an individual's behavior; personal factors and environmental influence each other interactively |
| Self-Concept | An individual's perception of themselves, encompassing self-awareness, and the evaluation of their role in relation to others |
| Self-Efficacy | The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, which plays a crucial role in how goals, tasks, and challenges are approached |
| Self-Esteem | A person's overall subjective emotional evaluation of their own worth |
| Trait Theories | Suggests that personality is made up of stable characteristics, called traits, that consistently influence how a person thinks and behaves |
| Big Five Theory | Identifies five broad dimensions of personality that describe the main traits of human personality (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism; OCEAN) |
| Personality Inventories | Standardized tools used to access and measure individual personality traits and characteristics through self-report questionnaires (answers from always-never) |
| Factor Analysis | Statistical method used to identify clusters of related items in a set of data. Reveals patterns in big 5 |
| Openness to Experience | Personality trait that encompasses a person's imagination, curiosity, and willingness to engage with new ideas, experiences, and creative pursuits |
| Conscientiousness | A personality trait characterized by organization, dependability, discipline, and a goal-directed approach to life |
| Extraversion | A personality trait characterized by high levels of sociability, energy, assertiveness, and a strong preference for social interaction and stimulation |
| Agreeableness | A personality trait characterized by warmth, kindness, empathy, and a cooperative and trusting nature |
| Emotional Stability/ Neuroticism | Refers to the trait of having consistent emotional reactions, resilience, and the ability to remain calm and composed under stress |
Created by:
o.t.2001
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