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Biology
Terms and Definitions of Unit 2: Cell Structure & Functions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the smallest unit that has the properties of life 3. Cells arise only from growth and division of preexisting cells |
| Prokaryotes | Organisms which the DNA is suspended in the cell interior without separation from other cellular components by a discrete membrane |
| Eukaryotes | Organisms in which NDA is enclosed in a nucleus, they have a true nucleus. |
| Organelles | Internal structures which carry out specialized functions within the cell; think of them as little organs. |
| Nucleoid | Central region of a prokaryotic cell with no boundary membrane separating it form the cytoplasm, where DNA replication and RNA transcription occur. |
| Peptidoglycan | Is a polymeric substance formed from a polysaccharide backbone that is tied together by short polypeptides. |
| Prokaryotic Flagella | Made of threadlike protein fibers which are helically shaped and rotate in a socket in the plasma membrane and cell wall. |
| Ribosomes | Organelles that assemble amino acids into proteins, prokaryotic ribosomes consist of a small and a large subunit which are composed of ribosomal RNA and protein molecules. |
| Nucleus | Spherical or oval shaped organelle fairly large compared to most organelles, it is surrounded by a double membrane and contains the nucleolus and chromosomes. |
| Nuclear Membrane | Double membrane which encloses the contents of the nucleus, these membranes don't usually touch each other and are actually separated by about 20 to 40 n |
| Nuclear Pores | These are protein complexes which regulate the passage of materials between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm |
| Chromosomes/Chromatin | Made up of densely packed DNA molecules and proteins |
| Nucleolus | Compact structures within the nucleus which contain nucleolar organizer that is made up of chromosomal regions containing instructions for making RNA that make up parts of ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | Very similar to the ribosomes in prokaryotic cells, they consist of large and small subunit each made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive interconnected network of internal membranous channels and vesicles in eukaryotic cells responsible for the synthesis, transport, and modification of lipids and proteins. |
| Golgi Complex | Organelle responsible for the final modification, sorting, and distribution of proteins and lipids. |
| Exocytosis | The process by which a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the vesicles contents to the exterior of the cell. |
| Endocytosis | The process by which molecules are brought into the cell from the exterior involving a bulging in of the plasma membrane that pinches off to form a vesicle. |
| Lysosome | Membrane bound vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of many complex molecules approximately 30-40 different enzymes have been identified within these structures. |
| Phagocytosis | Process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down. |
| Pinocytosis | Often referred to as cell drinking; a type of endocytosis by which cells engulf and absorb droplets of liquids, occurs often with kidney cells. |
| Peroxisomes | Membrane bound organelles containing enzymes that produce or degrade hydrogen peroxide. |
| Vacuole | A fluid filled membrane sac found within the cytoplasm; may function in storage, digestion, or water elimination. |
| Mitochondria | Membrane bound organelles where cellular respiration takes place and is the synthesis for most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells. |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death, which is a normal part of an organisms growth and maintenance. |
| Necrosis | Uncontrolled cell death that causes inflammation and damages other cells. |
| Chloroplast | Membranous organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotes. |
| Chorophyll | A group of light trapping green pigments found in most photosynthetic organisms, this is what makes them green. |
| Carotenoids | A group of yellow to orange plant pigments synthesized from isoprene subunits this includes carotenes and xanthophylls. |
| Stroma | A fluid space of the chloroplast, surrounded by the inner membrane of the chloroplast, this fluid surrounds the thykaloids. |
| Thykaloids | Interconnected system of flattened sac like membranous structures inside the chloroplast |
| Plasma Membrane | the selectively permeable surface membrane that encloses the cell contents and through which all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | Membranes are composed of a double layer of phospholipids in which various proteins are embedded. |
| Selectively Permeable Membrane | Membrane that allows some substances to cross it more easily than others |
| Concentration Gradient | A difference in the concentration of a substance from one point to another. |
| Passive Transport | The movement of materials across a membrane down a gradient of concentration, pressure, or electrical charge without using cellular energy. |
| Active Transport | The movement of materials across a membrane through the use of cellular energy, usually against their concentration gradient, often times referred to as pumping or using pumps. |
| Diffusion | The net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) from a region of HIGHER concentration TO a region of LOWER concentration, resulting from random motion. |
| Dialysis | The diffusion of specific solutes across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Osmosis | The net movement of water by diffusion through a SELECTIVELY permeable membrane from a region of HIGHER concentration (hypotonic) to a region of LOWER concentration (hypertonic) |
| Osmotic Pressure | The pressure that must be exerted on the LOWER concentration (hypertonic) side of a selectively permeable membrane to PREVENT the diffusion of water from the side containing pure water. |
| Isotonic | Solutions that have identical concentrations of solute molecules and hence the same osmotic pressure. |
| Hypertonic | A solution having an OSMOTIC pressure GREATER than that of the solution with which it is compared. |
| Hypotonic | A solution having an OSMOTIC pressure LOWER that that of the solution with which is it compared. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The PASSIVE transport of ions or molecules by a specific carrier or transport protein in a membrane, net transport is down a concentration gradient and no additional cellular energy is supplied. |
| Cotransport | The ACTIVE transport of a substance from a region of LOW concentration to a region of HIGH concentration by coupling its transport to the transport of a substance down its concentration gradient. |
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which extracellular molecules become bound to a specific receptors on the cell surface and then enter the cytoplasm enclosed in vesicles. |
| Signal Transduction | A process in which a cell converts and amplifies an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that affects some function in the cell. (How cells communicate). |
| Cytoskeleton | Gives the cells structural integrity and framework from a variety of proteins that help to form the cells cytoskeleton. |
| Microtubules | These are the thickest filaments of the cytoskeleton. |
| Centriole | A cylindrical structure consisting of nine triplets of microtubules. |
| Flagella | A long whiplike structure extending from certain cells and used in locomotion. |
| Cilia | Short hair like structure that projects from the surface of some eukaryotic cells and is used for locomotion and or to move materials across the cell surface. |
| Basal Body | Structure involved in the organization and anchorage of a cilium or flagellum. |
| Intermediate Filaments | And of a various long, thin cellular fibers composed of thin filaments of various protein polymers wound into thicker cables. |
| Nuclear Lamins | A class of fiber that forms a dense mesh just inside of the nuclear membrane. |
| Extracellular Matrix | ECM network of proteins and carbohydrates that surrounds many animal cells. |
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charlidobson
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