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Phonetics Midterm
midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Major branches of phonetics | ~articulatory ~acoustic ~auditory ~clinical/applied |
| 2. Phoneme | smallest unit of sound that can differentiate one word from another (Cat/Bat) |
| 3. Allophone | contextual variations in the sound/production of a phoneme (Top- aspirated /t/, sTop- unaspirated /t/) |
| 4. phonetics | study of the production, acoustic properties, and perception of speech sounds |
| 5. phonology | study of the structure and pattern/arrangement of sounds in a language and how they function |
| 6. phonotactic constraints | rules/constraints placed upon a language that allows the same phonetic inventory to be used differently to convey meaning across languages |
| 7.morpheme | smallest unit of language that carries semantic meaning (word stems) |
| 8. grapheme | smallest functional unit in the writing system of a language (English has 26) |
| 9. allograph | different spellings for the same sound (/f/ could be ph, ff, gh, f) |
| 10. macroculture | national/international cultural traits shared (crosses local boundaries) |
| 11. microculture | particular to localized regions or particular groups |
| 12. dialect | variation of language usage that is rule governed and systematic (SHARED by people belonging to a particular group/speech community.) |
| 13. idiolect | a personal variation of language. an individual’s unique use of language + speech |
| 14. aspects of dialect | affects all 5 forms of language |
| 15. phonological differences | sounds/accents (cran/crayon) |
| 16. semantics | meaning/vocab (chips/fries) |
| 17. morphology | structure of morphemes (lookin/looking) |
| 18. syntax | structure of words in a sentence (wiped out/ate shit) |
| 19. pragmatics | social use (situational context) |
| 20. types of dialects | -regional -social: (who you are associated with) -L1 influenced (foreign dialect): when rules governing one’s native language intrude on production of another language |
| 21. ASHA's position on disorders vs speech differences | “no dialect or accent is a disorder of phonology” -SLP should assist ONLY in the acquisition of the desired competency in the 2nd dialect, without jeopardizing the integrity of native dialect. |
| 22. social register | the way of speaking depending on who is listening (customer service) |
| 23. major structures of respiratory system | abdominal & accessory muscles: -diaphragm -thoracic cavity -lungs -trachea -intercostals: -scalene triangle (upper ribs) -sternocleidomastoid (sternum) |
| 24. basic functions of respiratory system | -provides power for speech -checking action (interosseous internal intercostal muscles) |
| 25. Boyle’s law and respiration | pressure and VOLUME = INVERSE relationship -(volume increases, pressure decreases) -gasses flow from high pressure -> area of low pressure |
| 26. Tidal breathing vs. speech breathing | tidal: non speech breathing -40/60 -active inspiration, passive expiration speech: -10/90 -active inspiration (deeper) -active expiration (longer) |
| 27. Boyle's law in inhalation | low pressure in lungs, high pressure in air rushes in to compensate |
| 28. Boyle's law in exhalation | air rushes outward to equalize the pressure in the lungs (because it’s higher than the air now) |
| 29. major structures of the laryngeal/phonatory system | -hyoid bone -cricoid cartilage (btwn larynx and trachea) -thyroid cartilage -arytenoid cartilage -epiglottis -vocal folds |
| 30. vocal fold function | -Valve action: attached to arytenoids, which twist the surrounding ligaments (elastic) to adduct or abduct -abducted=air -adducted=no air |
| 31. phonation | vibration of the VF. Everyone has a fundamental frequency at which the VF vibrate per second |
| 32. types of phonation | -modal: moderate tension, fully adducted -whisper: tense+rigid VF, partial abduction -breathy: tense VF, not fully adducted -falsetto: tense VF, high pitch -glottal fry: lax VF, but fully adducted |
| 33. Source-filter theory | source is the VF vibration; filter is the articulators. Same buzz will always be produced without the filter |
| 34. Cavities & resonance | oral and nasal cavity produce different sounds because they have different resonances. -Velum is lowered, resonance is in the nasal cavity -Velum is higher, resonance is in the oral cavity |
| 35. mobile articulators | • Lips • Tongue • Velum (soft palate) • Pharyngeal cavity • mandible |
| 36. fixed articulators | • Upper incisors • Hard palate • Alveolar ridge |
| 37. consonant sounds | not always voiced, less intense, not always continuous, constriction in vocal tract, rarely a syllable nucleus |
| 38. vowel sounds | always voiced, more intense, continuous airflow, no significant constriction of vocal tract, can function as a syllable nucleus |
| 39. place | point of constriction in vocal tract (tongue and alveolar ridge in /t/) |
| 40. manner | how air is constricted by articulators (passive/active) |
| 41. tongue height | proximity of tongue to palate |
| 42. tongue advancement | proximity of highest point of tongue to front of oral cavity |
| 43. tenseness | amount of muscle activation |
| 44. lip configuration | if lips are rounded or unrounded |
| 45. vowel classification | • tongue height: proximity of tongue to palate • tongue advancement: proximity of highest point of tongue to the front of oral cavity • length of tenseness: amount of muscle activation • lip configuration: if lips are rounded or not |
| 46. Phonation & the Bernoulli effect | causes the repeating cycle (mucosal wave) of the VF closing and opening to equalize air pressure above and below the VF. increased airflow results in in deceased air pressure. INVERSE relationship |
| 47. consonant classification | • -place of articulation (passive articulator): area of contact within the vocal tract during production • -manner of articulation: type of constriction by the passive and active articulators • -voicing: presence or absence of phonation |
Created by:
liz gelles
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