Save
Upgrade to remove ads
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Unit 4 Vocab

Social Psychology and Personality Vocab

TermDefinition
Education Psychology A branch of psychology applying psychological principles to a spectrum of training, teaching, and learning issues in education.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology A branch of psychology studying human behavior in the environment applying psychological principles to work-related issues and problems.
Clinical Psychology A branch of psychology specializing in the research assessment, diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of emotional/behaviors disorders.
Attribution Theory-internal vs. external Attribution* Internal: attributing one's actions to internal psychological causes (personality). External: attributing one's behavior to outside causes (luck, other people, etc.)
Fundamental Attribution Error* The tendency to overestimate the degree to which a person's behavior is determined by their personality, beliefs, or attitudes.
Cognitive Dissonance (Theory)* Cognitive Dissonance is the tension we experience when our action and attitudes don't coincide.
Belief Perseverance* The tendency to maintain a belief even after it is shown as inacurrate.
Just-World Phenomenon/Hypothesis* The idea that the world is fair and inherently good. Good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people.
Just-World Bias* The bias that people assume that people get what they deserve.
Bystander Effect* The phenomenon in which someone doesn't help someone else when standing by.
Bystander Apathy* The phenomenon in which someone doesn't help someone else when standing by because they don't care.
Counterconformity The refusal to comply with accepted standards.
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon* Procedure for persuasion when someone makes a smaller request before making a bigger request making people more likely to agree with the second request.
Door-in-the-face Phenomenon* The procedure for persuasion when someone makes an initial extreme request that they know will be denied before requesting what they actually want.
Central Route to Persuasion* The process by which attitudes are formed/changed from carefully thinking about the information factually.
Peripheral Route to Persuasion* The process by which attitudes are formed/changed from peripheral cues (credibility, emotion, external factors).
Lowballing* A persuasion tactic by making an initial offer that one agrees to, than revealing the cost actual.
Ethnocentrism* The tendency to base perceptions of the world or other groups through your lens (subjectively).
Scapegoat Theory The analysis of intergroup conflict, assuming it is caused by the tendency of individuals blaming negative experiences on other groups.
False-Consensus Effect The tendency to assume that one's own opinions or behaviors are more widely shared than they actually are.
Informational Social Influence* The phenomenon where individuals conform because they believe the others are right.
Instrumental Aggression An action carried out principally to achieve another goal.
Self-serving Bias* The tendency to interpret events that assigns credit to one's self, but not for failure which is rather blamed on external factors.
Social Desirability Bias The bias of individuals to present themselves in a way that others will favor.
Hindsight Bias* The tendency of individuals to overestimate their ability to have predicted the outcome of an event after it passed.
Situational Attribution* The attribution of one's, or another's, behavior/event/outcome to external causes (luck, pressure).
Self-fulfilling prophecy* The belief that one's expectation about a situation/person causes it to be true.
Mere Exposure Effect* The preference for a stimulus that has been repeatedly exposed overtime to an individual.
Stereotype* A generalized concept about a group.
Stereotype Threat* An individual's expectation that negative stereotypes about themself will influence others' judgements of them and reflect badly on their group.
Ingroup Bias* The tendency to favor one's own group in comparison to other groups.
Outgroup Bias The tendency to view members of groups outside of one's own negatively
Superordinate Goals Goals that can be achieved if group members work together by combing their skills and resources.
Outgroup homogeneity bias* The tendency to assume members of other groups are very similar to each other.
Social Trap* A dilemma in which individuals/groups establish relationships that lead to negative outcomes.
Pluralistic Ignorance* When people in a group privately thinks something is wrong, but don't do anything because they ate claiming they don't know what to do.
Sampling Bias The error involved in the choice of participants from a larger group for a study threatening the validity of the study.
Altruism* Selfless behavior benefitting others at some cost to the individual.
Norm of Reciprocity (Reciprocity norm)* The expectation that people who help and give to others will receive equivalent benefits in return.
Group Polarization* The tendency for members of a group discussing an issue to become more extreme in their position causing the whole group to respond in more extreme ways.
Groupthink* The tendency of members of a group to agree with each other even if they don't in their head.
Deindividuation* A state characterized by a loss of self-awareness, altered perceptions, and a reduction of inner restraints resulting in unusual behavior.
Anonymity* A principle of research ethics keeping the identification of the participants unknown.
Social Loafing* The reduction of an individual's effort occurring when people work in large groups.
Social Facilitation* The improvement of an individual's performance of a task they are good at when others are present
Social Impairment The regression of an individual's performance when others are present.
Social Inhibition* The restraints placed on an individuals feelings/attitudes by the believe that other's could disapprove of it.
Social Exchange Theory The theory that envisions social interactions an an exchange for individuals to maximize their benefits within a 'fair' limit.
Frustration-Aggression Priciple The principle that frustration always produces aggression, and aggression is always the result of frustration.
Normative Social Influence* The processes that cause individuals to feel, think, and act in ways coinciding with social norms.
Individualistic The priitorization of one's own interests over another's or group's.
Diffusion of Responsibility* The diminished sense of resposibility experienced by individuals in groups.
Halo Effect A bias in which a general (pos) evaluation of a person influences judgements of that person (ex: someone who is liked may be judged as smarter, and more competent than the actually are).
Conformity* The adjustment of one's opinions or behaviors to match that of other people's.
Obedience* When one follows direct orders from a person of atuhority to them.
Compliance Following the rules set by some one of authority even if one doesn't agree with them.
Actor-Observer Bias* When one thinks they understand what is going on in someone else's head by attributing their actions to their personality.
Interpersonal Perception The processes by which a person uses the behaviors of others to form opinion on them.
Discrimination* The negative and different treatment of members of a different group.
Prejudice* (definition and application) Negative attitude to an individual or group based on stereotypes. (ex: assuming a woman is less competent for a leadership job than a man is).
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud) (def and app.) The psychological assumptions that mental activity is unconscious and understanding others requires interpreting their unconscious. Applied in dream analyses, childhood experiences, and defense mechanisms.
Humanistic Theory (Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow) (def and app. of each) The theory that focuses on the drive towards self-actualization, emphasizing that people ate inherently good.
Personality Structure: Id, Ego, Superego (def and app.)* The organization of personality in terms: Id: instinctual, biological drive supplying basic energy. Ego: the enabler of the individual to reason and solve problems by adjusting id and superego impulses. Superego: the moral component or right and wrong.
Social-Cognitive Theory (Albert Bandura) (def and app.)* The theory including conceptions, judgements, motivations, and behavior and the environment's influences. It emphasizes interaction of behavior and environment. It can teach people positive behaviors in workplace scenarios.
Trait Theory (Gordon Allport and Hans Eysneck)* (def and app.) The approaches explaining personality in terms of internal characteristics. It is involved in personality inventory.
Trait Psychology* ^^ The psychological concept that traits are enduing patterns of behaviorism thinking and feeling relatively consistent across situations. It can be applied in personality assessments to understand and categorize personality.
Psychodynamic Theory (Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Karen Horney) The theories of human functioning based on the interplay of drives and other forces within an individual.
Reciprocal Determination* The concept that asserts that the environment influences behavior, and behavior influences the environment, both influence the individual, who influences them.
Self-Esteem* The degree to which the qualities and characteristics are perceived to be positive.
Factor Analysis A family of mathematical procedures for reducing interrelations among variables.
Collective Unconscious Part of the unconscious containing the accumulation of human experiences in the form of archetypes.
Minnesota Multiphasic A personality inventory applied across mental health, medical, substance abuse, forensic, and personnel screening settings to measure psychological maladjustment.
Personality Inventory A personality test usually consisting of a series of statements over various characteristics and behavioral patterns to which participants respond on how much they agree.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator A personality test with little credibility classifying individuals according to their choices between traits
Neuroticism The chronic levels of emotional instability and proneness to distress.
Unconditional Positive Regard* An attitude of caring, and acceptance others express toward an individual no matter their behavior.
Self-Actualizing tendency The innate drive within an individual to realize their full potential and strive to reach it.
Self-Efficiency (and its levels)* The concept reffering to an individual's belief in their capacity to execute necessary behaviors. Experience, modeling, persuasion, physiological factors.
Big 5/Five-Factor Model (paul Costa and Robert McCrae) ( define and all 5 elements)* Model of primary dimensions of individual differences in personality. Conscientiousness (organization), Agreeableness (selfless), Neuroticism (unstable emotions), Openness to experience (openness to newness), and Extraversion (one's energies outward).
16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) (Raymond Cattell) A self-reported personality assessment measuring anxiety, cognitive style, empathy, cognitive style, emotional stability, behavior problems, etc.
Internal Locus of Control* The tendency of one to behave in response to their internal states and perceive their life as arising from their own abilities.
External Locus of Control (Julian Rotter) The tendency of one to behave in response to external circumstances and perceive their life as arising from factors out of their control.
Gambler's Fallacy* A failure to recognize independence of chance events, assuming that one can predict the outcome of an event based on the outcome of past events.
Positive Psychology (Martin Seligman)* A field of psychological theory and research that focuses on contentment, altruism, and social institutions enhancing well-being.
Projective Assessment Techniques Assessment procedures consisting of a series of ambiguous stimuli that elicit unique responses reflecting personality.
Rorschach Inkblot Test A projective test in which the participant is presented with inkblots and asked what the are. Their responses are used to interpret their personality.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A projective test in which participants tell oral stories that reveal their attitudes, feelings, conflicts, and personality.
Self-Concept One's evaluation of oneself including their qualities, skills, roles, etc. It contributes to their identity overtime.
Rationalization* An ego defense in which one applies logical reasons for their unacceptable behavior.
Repression An ego defense in which one unconsciously excludes painful experiences from their conscious.
Suppression* The conscious effort to exclude painful experiences from conscious.
Regression* An ego defense in which one returns to a prior, lower state of cognitive or behavioral functioning.
Reaction Formation* An ego defense in which one replaces unacceptable impulses with their opposite.
Projection* An ego defense in which one attributes unacceptable impulses or ideas onto someone else.
Sublimation* An ego defense in which one channels unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable models of expression.
Displacement* An ego defense in which one transfers their feelings or behaviors onto another person.
Denial An ego defense in which unpleasant thoughts are excluded from conscious awareness, as in refusal of acknowledgement.
Identification* An ego defense in which an individual incorporates aspect of their objects inside the ego to alleviate the anxiety with object loss.
Collectivism* The belief that group needs are more important than individual angst/achievements.
Individualism* The belief that personal rights and independence is more important than group.
Projective Test* A psychological test where the individual taking it responds to stimuli revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts.
Construct Validity* The degree to which a test is capable of measuring. (ex: for a new questionnaire on aggression, the construct validity is the extent to which it accurately assesses aggression).
Test-Retest Reliability* The estimate of the reliability of something being evaluated.
Scaffolding* A way of teaching that supports the student as they learn a new skill or concept with the goal of that student becoming self-reliant.
Mental Set* The readiness so perform psychological functions that influence the response to a stimulus.
Ethical Guidelines in Studies* Ethical Guidelines ensure safety, confidentiality, and rights of the participants.
Insecure Attachment* A parent-child relationship in which the child doesn't display confidence when the parent is present, and reacts avoidantly when the parent returns.
Authoritarian Parenting* Strict, high-controlled parenting style with rigid rules, expecting obedience.
Behaviorism* An approach of psychology based on the study of observable facts rather than subjective, qualitative processes.
Independent Variable* The variable in an experiment manipulated in order to assess its influence.
Dependent Variable* The outcome observed to occur or change after variation of the independent variable in an experience.
Positive correlation* A relationship between two variables which the value of both rise and fall together.
Negative correlation* A relationship between two variables which the value of one increases as the other decreases.
Correlation coefficient* The numerical index reflecting the degree of the linear relationship of two variables. (+1 is a perfect positive relationship, -1 is perfect negative).
Case Study* An in-depth investigation of a single person/family/event assembling multiple types of data to understand the background, relationships, and behavior.
Experiment* A series of observations conducted under controlled conditions by manipulating an independent variable to measure the dependent variable.
Naturalistic Observation* Data collection in a field setting without manipulating variables by watching participants in their natural environment.
Drive-reduction* The goal of a motivated behavior is a reduction of a drive state, assuming all motivated behaviors stem from drives.
Arousal* A state of excitement linked to an emotion either facilitating or debilitating performance.
Incentive* An external stimulus that enhances behavior.
Survey* A study in which participants are selected from a population and data about them is measured through a survey.
Descriptive Statistics* Methods for depicting main aspects of sampled data without inferring to a larger population (ex: mean, median, mode, range, and SD)
Inferential Statistics* Methods to draw conclusions/predictions about collected data from a sample.
Cognitive Psychology* A branch of psychology exploring that operation of mental processes in perceiving, thinking, language, and memory through behavior.
Created by: IloveGarfield:3
Popular Psychology sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards