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psy
midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | – Scientific study of the mind and behavior |
| Gestalt Psychology | – Focuses on humans as a whole rather than individual parts. |
| Gestalt Psychology | Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler |
| Behaviorism | – focuses on observing and controlling behavior. |
| Behaviorism | Pavlov, Watson, Skinner |
| Humanism | - emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. |
| Humanism | Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
| Structuralism | – understanding the conscious experience through introspection. |
| Structuralism | Wilhelm Wundt |
| ABRAHAM MASLOW (humanism) | Proposed a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior. |
| Maslow's theory | Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior |
| Sensation | – Sensory information (sights, sounds, touch, smell). |
| Perception | – Experience of the world which is influenced by where we focus our attention, our previous experiences, and our cultural backgrounds. |
| Theory | – well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena. |
| Validity | - helps us understand how valid the findings of the study are. |
| Reliability | - indicates the consistency of or a study or experiment. |
| Confirmation bias | - tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs |
| Replication | -Determines reliability of original research design. -Can include additional measures that expand on the original findings. -Provide more evidence to support the original finding or to cast doubt on those findings. |
| Different types of research are? | -Clinical or case studies -Naturalistic Observation -Surveys -Archival Research -Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research |
| Observer bias - | -when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations. -Establishment of clear criteria to observe should help eliminate observer bias. |
| Anchoring bias | - occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem. |
| Bias | -how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events |
| Stereotypical bias | - involves racial and gender biases. |
| Standardization | -method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent |
| What are the parts of a neuron? | -Cell membrane -Cell body (soma) -Dendrite -Axon -Myelin sheath -Terminal buttons |
| Axon | -is covered in a myelin sheath made of a fatty substance that insulates axons and allows the signal to travel down the axon quicker. |
| Terminal buttons | -located at the end of the axons are terminal buttons which contain synaptic vessels (storage sites for chemical messengers called neurotransmitters) |
| Neuron cell membran | -semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. |
| Dendrites | -incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received and then send the signal down the axon |
| Neurotransmitters play many roles in our lives, which ones affect appetite suppression? | -Norepinephrine – Heart, intestines, and alertness. |
| What is the role of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system? | The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems complement each other to maintain homeostasis, a state of equilibrium in the body. |
| Homeostasis | - a state of equilibrium, or balance, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. |
| Sympathetic nervous system | - involved in stress-related activities and functions; prepares us for fight or flight. -Fight or flight response |
| Fight or flight response | - activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety. |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | - associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body under relaxed conditions. -rest and restore response |
| Rest and restore response | – relaxes the body after fight or flight (aka rest and digest). |
| What role does the hypothalamus play in human life? | - maintains homeostasis |
| Medulla | - controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. |
| Biological rhythms | -are internal rhythms of biological activity -a recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. -Example: A woman’s menstrual cycle |
| Anterograde amnesia | – inability to remember new information after point of trauma. -Hippocampus is usually affected – causes inability to transfer information from STM to LTM. |
| Retrograde amnesia | -is loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. -cannot remember some or even all of their past. |
| What was the key element of Terri Schiavo after the heart attack and lack of oxygen to the brain, what was the only way she could communicate? | her brainstem was still intact. Her medulla and pons maintained her breathing and caused involuntary movements of her eyes and the occasional groans. -trauma to the cerebral cortex |
| Charles Darein: theory of evolution by natural selection | the theory states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. |
| Francis Cecil Sumner | -established a psychology degree program at Howard University, leading to the education of a new generation of African American psychologists -challenging intelligence testing & promoting innovative educational methods for children. |
| Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) | -was a preeminent 1st-gen psychologist opposed behaviorist movement, conducted significant research into memory, & established 1 of earliest experimental psych labs in US -elected 1st F president of APA, & by 1946, nearly 1/4 of psychologists were female |
| Learning | - is a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. -Involves conscious and unconscious processes. |
| Learning theory | -to be successful: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. |
| Classical conditioning | – process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events. |
| Operant conditioning | - organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequences (reinforcement or punishment) |
| What did B.F. Skinner contributes to learning? | -conducted experiments (mainly with rats and pigeons) to determine how learning occurs through operant conditioning. |
| Observational learning | - is the process of watching others and then imitating what they do. |
| Formulation and recollection of memories, how do we construct memories and then reconstruct memories. | -Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. -Storage is the retention of the encoded information. -Retrieval, is getting the information out of memory and back into awareness. |
| Explicit memories | -are those we consciously try to remember, recall, and report. -hippocampus and frontal lobes |
| Implicit memories | -memories that are not part of our consciousness. -includes behaviors learned through emotional conditioning. -cerebullum |
| Which part of the brain manages our “fear” reactions? | The amygdala is involved in fear and fear memories (memory storage is influenced by stress hormones). |
| Semantic memory | – knowledge about words, concepts and language. -Knowing who the President is. -LTM part pf explicit memory |
| Episodic memory | –information about events we have personally experienced. -Also called autobiographical memory. -A small number of people (including actress Marilu Henner) have a highly superior autobigraphical memory known as hyperthymesia. |
| Retrieval | -act of getting info out of memory storage & back in2 conscious awareness |
| Retrieval process | -Recall:being able to access information without cues. -Recognition: being able to identify info previously learned after encountering it again. -Relearning: Learning information that you previously learned. |
| Amygdala | -Processes emotional information important in encoding memories at a deeper level and memory consolidation |
| What is the process called when we repeat a memory to help us cement the information to memory? | Rehearsal – the conscious repetition of information to be remembered. |
| Robert Sternberg | -triarchic theory of intelligence because it sees intelligence as comprised of three parts (Sternberg, 1988): practical, creative, and analytical intelligence |
| Schema | –a mental construct consisting of a collection of related concepts. -when activated, we automatically make assumptions about the person/object/situation. |
| How can studying twins help researchers understand intelligence? | -researchers found that identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit a higher correlation between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together |
| triarchic theory of intelligence | -Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: 1) practical- “street smarts” 2) creative-inventing /imagining a solution 2 a problem/ situation 3) analytic-academic problem solving and computations |
| Lexicon | –the words of a given language. |
| Morphemes | –the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning. |
| semantics | -process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words |
| Cognition | -,most simply, is thinking. -It encompasses the processes associated with: Perception Knowledge Problem-solving Judgement Language Memory |
| Closure role | -Gestalt principle states that we organize our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts |
| Proximity role | -Gestalt principle for organizing sensory stimuli into meaningful perception -things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together |
| Vestibular | -contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture |
| Binocular disparity | -slightly different view of the world that each eye receives |
| Taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction) | -are chemical senses that employ receptors on the tongue and in the nose that bind directly with taste and odor molecules in order to transmit information to the brain for processing |
| parasomnias | Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. |
| Sleep apnea is defined by | episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops |
| The sleep debt is the result of | insufficient sleep on a chronic basis |
| Rosalind Cartwright | believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer |
| Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli. | internal |
| Mary wakes up from a dream about her teeth falling out. She looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Mary is focused on the ________ content. | latent |
| Cataplexy is a symptom associated with | narcolepsy |
| insomnia | - the most common sleep disorder? |
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