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Psyc-Study Guide 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? | learning |
| Which of the following is an example of instinct? | baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked |
| Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother’s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. | instincts |
| Which of the following is an example of a reflex? | the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light |
| Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. | associative |
| In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________. | learned |
| In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. | neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus |
| You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________. | stimulus discrimination |
| What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? | emotion can be a conditioned response |
| Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner’s work with “little Albert”? | It would be unethical by today’s research standards. |
| Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? | knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student |
| The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful. | evolutionary |
| According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS. | Rescorla |
| Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model? | acquisition and extinction |
| Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________. | negative reinforcement |
| Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? | shaping |
| _______ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. | primary |
| Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. | latent |
| In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. | partial |
| Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? | continuous |
| Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? | fixed interval |
| Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? | knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart |
| Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. | Edward C. Tolman |
| Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? | variable ratio |
| Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. | cognitive map |
| Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? | operant conditioning |
| Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? | He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. |
| Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? | rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily |
| What is the main idea of operant conditioning? | Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. |
| Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle’s father is a ________. | model |
| Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? | Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. |
| Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? | Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them. |
| What is the main idea of social learning theory? | One can learn new behaviors by observing others. |
| If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. | after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character |
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Winter4u
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