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PSY 311
Ch. 3 and 6 Lecture Notes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Variables | science studies the relationship between variables -anything that varies from one entity to another |
| Situational Variables | quality of the situation or environment -Ex: room temp., cookies vs. radishes, high vs. low bridge |
| Response Variables | participants' responses or behaviors -Ex: aggression, helping, cheating |
| Participant Variables | individual differences between participants -Ex: age, personality, cognitive ability |
| An ________ is the assumption that a relationship exists between 2 variables that are not related | Illusory correlation |
| Positive Linear Relationship | increase in one variable correspond with increase in another -Ex: time spent studying and grades |
| Negative Linear Relationship | increase in one variable correspond with decrease in another -Ex: speed and accuracy; as speed increased, accuracy decreases |
| Curvilinear Relationship | direction of the relationship changes at a certain point -Ex: temp and happiness; when temp. is low, happiness is low -when temp. is moderate, happiness is high -when temp is high, happiness is low |
| Independent Variable | the variable causing the changes |
| Dependent variable | the variable being affected (the outcome) -the dependent variable depends on the independent variable |
| Causal and Correlational Relationships | typically, interested in causal relationships -can be unidirectional (A causes changes in B) -or bidirectional (A causes change in B and B causes changes in A) -but not all research tests causal relationships |
| Correlational Relationships | -2+ variable are measured but not manipulated -reveals relationship between variables -Ex: exercise and anxiety -cannot reveal causal relationships -Ex: exercise causes changes in anxiety |
| Correlational Relationships: Why Not reveal causal: Directionality Problem | unsure which variable affects the other -Ex: exercise might decrease anxiety or anxiety might increase exercise |
| Correlational Relationships: Why Not reveal causal: third-variable problem | confounding variables might account for the association -affects both IV and DV |
| Experimental Research | -experiments manipulated the IV -assess and compare groups on an outcome (DV) -Ex: temp and aggression, manipulate temp. then measure aggression |
| Random Assignment | experiments are powerful because of random assignment -participants randomly assigned to a condition -thus, participants in each condition should initially be equal -thus, post-manipulation differences in the DV are due to the manipulation (IV) |
| Extraneous Variables | -Ex: age, sleep, stress, depression, exercise, meds. -variable (other than the IV) that affects the DV -also confounding variables |
| Random assignment eliminates alternative explanations involving | confounding variables -2 groups should be equivalent |
| Why conduct correlational research? | sometimes manipulating an IV is unethical -Ex: smoking, depression -to replicate an effect outside of the lab (does the effect actually occur in the real world?) |
| Validity of methods= | how accurate are the study's results? |
| Internal Validity | how confident are we in the study's results. -Ex: does my IV really lead to my DV? |
| External Validity | extent that results generalize beyond the specific study -similar phenomena -outside of the lab -different measures/ methods -other populations |
| Multi-Method Research | we often make compromises in our research -Ex: dating vs. married samples -Ex: lab vs. field -Ex: how we define our variables -we can be more confident if diverse studies find the same thing -no method is perfect |
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