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Antibiotics
Microbiology Antibiotics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| antimicrobial chemotherapy | a drug that will have selective toxicity to kill microbes on or in the human body |
| Who was the scientist that looked for the chemicals that can kill microbes without killing the infected patient? | Paul Ehrich |
| What did Alexander Flemming do? | accidentally discovered the first antibiotic penicillin, which is type of fungus |
| true antibiotic | an antimicrobial chemical that is produced by a microbe or that is derived from a microbe |
| What is an example of a true antibiotic? | penicillin |
| What does sulfanilamide do? | block PABA to prevent folic acid production in bacteria |
| What is sulfanilamide? | a synthetic antibiotic |
| What is the "MIC"? | the minimum inhibitory concentration; the smallest amount of drug that is needed to kill an organism |
| toxic dose | the drug level that is too toxic for the patient |
| therapeutic dose | the amount of drug that will be greater than the MIC but less than the toxic dose |
| What is the therapeutic index or ratio? | toxic dose / therapeutic dose |
| What does it mean if the therapeutic index is less than 1.0? | drug is selectively toxic to people |
| What does it mean if the therapeutic index is greater than 1.0? | drug is selectively toxic to microbes |
| What does it mean if the therapeutic index is equal to 1.0? | drug is both selectively toxic to people and microbes |
| What does it mean if a drug has a low therapeutic index? | the drug can be used on patients but will require supervision and routine testing due to the toxic dose being close to the therapeutic dose |
| What does it mean if a drug has a high therapeutic dose? | the drug is safe to take without supervision or routine testing |
| beta-lactam antibiotics | penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems |
| What is the significance of beta-lactam antibiotics? | They have a "heart" that is a square ring (3 carbon, 1 nitrogen, and an oxygen) and will prevent the cross-linking of peptidoglycan cell membranes, which will cause cells to lyse. |
| Did the early beta-lactam antibiotics work on G+ or G-? | G+ |
| What tests could you perform on a pathogen to identify it so that you can determine the antibiotic that's needed? | selective and differential media, antigen tests, Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion (drug resistance test) |
| How can you combat drug resistance? | discover new antimicrobials or alter old ones; minimize using antibiotics; use a narrow-spectrum if possible; take antimicrobials as directed; use combination therapies so you can double-attack |
| What can a bacteria do to become drug resistant? | inactivate or destroy molecules within a drug; alter its metabolism; prevent drug entry; prevent drug targeting/binding |
| What is a reduced influx? | when the drug has to get inside the bacterial cell to do its job |
| What is an efflux pump? | a pump within the bacterial cell to kick an antibiotic out |
| increased efflux | when a bacteria kicks out the antibiotic by using the efflux pumps |
Created by:
geasmith
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